An Investigation of Vibrio Cholera

I chose to investigate vibrion cholerae from the genus vibrio because I found that V. cholerae was a genuinely interesting bacterium. agree to our textbook, (Prescotts Principles of Microbiology by Willey Joanne, Woolverton Chris, Sherwood Linda), V. cholerae has caused seven pandemics in various parts of the world, especially Asia, the Middle eastside and Africa. According to the 2009 Cholera annual report from the human race Health Organization, (Weekly Epidemiological Record, 2010, 85(31)293-308), the US experienced slight than 20 cases while around the world 45 countries experienced 221226 cases including 4946 deaths.In 1883 Robert Koch, who is considered by our text and m any(prenominal) an(prenominal) others to be angiotensin-converting enzyme of the founders of microbiology identified the Vibrio bacterium that caused cholera. Koch believed that the key to prevention was to improve hygiene and in sanitary imbibing water. This is the reason that there ar so few cases in the unite States per year, because we relieve oneself a gamey degree of sanitary drinking water by dint ofout the United States. Our textbook describes its taxonomy as cosmos one of many serogroups, the textbook identifies V. cholerae O1 and 0139 to be one of deuce serogroups that cause epidemics.V. cholerae O1 also has two sterotypes and two biotypes. In 1992, the new strain, 0139 was discovered in Asia, but for the first time in enter history, the 0139 strain actually displaced the 01 serogroup in India. Some of the genus Vibrio characteristics are that they are capable of fermentative and oxidative metabolism. According to Bergeys Manual, they are related to enteric bacteria and Pseudomonadaceae and they are considered to be Facultatively Anaerobic Gram-negative Rods and on the level with the Family Enterobacteriaceae.Read Chapter 8 Microbial genetic scienceVibrios are distinguished from enterics by being oxidase-positive and motile by means of polar flagella. V. choler ae as infectious bacteria, have the same goals as any other organism, to invade and infect the hose, to replicate and to permute to another soldiers. There are only a few modal values that V. cholerae invade the human body. First, correspond to our text, it is transmitted by begrime water that has been contaminated with fecal material containing V. cholerae from infected persons. Such an bang is occurring right forthwith in Haiti.The root remains of the pollution can be from other cholera sufferers untreated diarrheal discharge into waterways or into groundwater or drinking water supplies. Because of the earthquake that occurred in Haiti the sanitary conditions of the water is probably the main source of transmission. A second way for transmission of V. cholerae to individuals is through contaminated food, either from fecal matter on the food from an infected individual or maybe an infected individual that does not have dear(p) hygiene handling food and infecting other s.The third way that an individual can be exposed to V. cholerae, is through eating raw improperly cooked mollusk that were harvested in fecal-polluted coastal waters or even from shellfish that were harvested from non fecal-polluted waters and either undercooked or re-contaminated after cooking. In the United States this is commonly how individuals are infected, this is because V. cholera is one of the most common bacteria found in surface waters. Strains have been found in ocean coastal areas and in warmer estuaries in the United States.According to the FDA, The Bad Bug Book, (www. fda. gov/ nutrition/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/default. htm). Once an individual has been infected and the bacteria is now inside the host, it has to survive the upper GI tract, which usually is very good at defending against invasion. unfortunately for the host, cholera can grow very surface in a high salt and emit pH environment. The ba cterial incubation period is usually from 12 to 72 hours.When the bacteria get prehistorical the upper GI tract, they avoid the immune system by victimization their polysaccharide capsule which makes phagocytosis by the host immune system very hard and allow allow the bacteria to continue to replicate. It colonizes the microscopical intestine The bacteria are not harmed by the strong stomach acid of the infected individual because of the polysaccharide capsule and attach themselves to the intestinal jetty of the small intestine. They secrete a cholera toxin, called choleragen.The bacteria are not invasive and the toxin that is secreted enters the intestinal epithelial cells, adding an ADP-ribosyl group, like pertussis toxin does which activated the enzyme adenylate cyclase which triggers the hypersectretion of water and choride ions and preventing atomic number 11 ions from being absorbed. The results are that the infected individual starts to set down plumping cores of pe regrines, through vomiting, and a high amount of watery diarrhea. The individual will have ineffable stomach cramps and nausea and may lose up to 10 to 15 litres of changeable during the course of the infection.The banging amounts of fluid loss, is usually referred to as rice-water, and the diarrhea fluid contaminates water used by other individuals causation others to be infected as well. The amount of fluid loss that the individual loses can be large enough that the individual may have high levels of blood proteins and can lead to death from circulative shock. In the intestinal tract V. cholerae can consume bacterial genes that can increase infectivity of subsequent hosts. The subprogram is not well known, but the stimulated genes found the bacteria to be better, more infective colonizers in subsequent hosts. his process may be underlying to fueling future epidemics. According to a writing published in Proc Natl Acad Sci USA in folk 2006, that V. cholera cells will adju st to the host they invaded. They will rear melt down their transcriptional profile, to adjust to the human host from the aquatic environment. Its ability to infect and regurgitate within a host regardless of the range of environmental conditions. In studies on bacterial pathogenesis, acrimony genes are usually the focus which is essential for pathogenesis.The findings of this radical showed that the repression of MSHA pilus production suggested that not only is it searing for colonization but is also critical to the fibre in bacterial pathogenesis. It appears from the article that MSHA repression is critical in the early stages of the infection, to evade the hosts inborn immune response. so when you think of V. cholera it is a very successful human pathogen because of transcriptional regulation and using a set of wide responses that are negotiable so that the bacteria can respond to a wide ranging environment.