Global warming Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Global warming - Thesis Example The major controversies surrounding global warming, include - skepticism regarding the change in climate beyond natural variations; questionable evidences against the factors responsible for global warming as well as the likely scope and extent of its impact; effectiveness and validity of the strategies suggested to combat global warming and for reducing carbon footprints; and the estimated size, effect and consequences of the phenomenon. Skeptics have raised serious concerns and questions regarding the scientific consensus about the effects of global warming as well as the adequacy of facts and evidence supporting the theories of global warming. The debates and cynicism regarding the far reaching effects of global warming are large observed among the policy makers and political spheres, rather than within the scientific communities. Furthermore, doubts have also been raised regarding the causes of global warming. According to some the main cause of global warming is yet to be explor ed while others consider it as a natural phenomenon while yet others consider human activities, responsible for the phenomenon. There are various arguments put forward by skeptics, and the same have been rebutted with facts and evidences in the following section, thus further substantiating and reaffirming the fact that global warming is indeed real and not a myth, contrary to rising opinion. Criticisms and Rebuttals: 1. The earth is not warming, instead, it has cooled down over the past decade: According to the skeptics, the earth is not warming, as claimed by the scientists and even if it is, the extent of damage as predicted by them is over exaggerated. They further claim that there exists data / scientific evidence which suggest that the earth is in fact, cooling, rather than warming. It is further stated that the planet was warming during the 20th century but the warming had stopped over a decade ago, and the Earth has been cooling ever since 1998 (Singer & Avery, 2007). This i s supported by the fact that the periods between December 2007 and November 2008 have been the coldest periods of the decade (Singer & Avery, 2007). It is argued that although the earth may not be cooling, but the evidence claiming that the earth is warming, is not credible and holds no relevance. Rebuttal: Although the evidence showing that the average temperature has fallen during the decade holds relevance, but the same, does not prove that the earth is cooling. The differences in temperatures is mostly because of the factors used for comparison, for instance, the year 1998 which was used as a base, was the hottest year of the century. Contrary to the claims made by the skeptics regarding â€Å"cooling of the Earth† the planet never stopped warming. The temperatures during the year 1997 were hotter as compared to that in the year 1995, while 1998 soon surpassed 1997 to become the hottest year of the decade, which in turn was replaced by years 2002 and 2003. According to NA SA, the year 2007 was the hottest year of the century on record. All these reports clearly show that the temperature is constantly rising, with no signs of slowing down (Casper, 2009; Robinson, 2007; Singer & Avery, 2007). 2. Statistics related to surface temperatures are unreliable and are blown out of proportion. The crisis

Critically evaluate, with recommendations, the contribution of Essay

Critically evaluate, with recommendations, the contribution of psychology to our understanding of judge and jury decision making - Essay Example nal justice system pays too much attention to psychology, it may result in excusing certain forms of criminal behaviour hence impeding the administration of justice. (Vidmar, 1989, p1-8) In relation to this, there are also certain factors that have to be considered when dealing with particular issues in the justice systems such as expert testimony. Details of psychology in the courtroom and in other aspects of the criminal and civil justice system will be examined in detail below. There are certain psychological factors that come into play when analysing the criminal and civil justice system. The first one to be considered is communication. Communication is the transmission of information. It can be divided into three main components. These are; verbal communication, vocal communication and non-verbal communication (Berger et al, 1972, p 241-255) Verbal communication involves the use of written or oral formats to convey specific messages to other parties. Vocal communication involves all the audible aspects of communication such as tone, pitch of voice, rate of speech, intonation and inflexion. In this form of communication, focus is kept on how the message is conveyed rather than the subject matter itself. Lastly, there is non-verbal communication; here, visible elements of communication are considered such as personal appearance, facial behaviours, body orientation, posture, touch, gestures, eye contact and even eye movement. Auditory cues are the main area of emphasis in this case. (Casper & Zeisel, 1992, p135-191) Psychologists assert that the most influential form of communication in the courtroom is the non-verbal form. Others have argued that in case jurors or judges are faced with situations where the statements presented to them are in contradiction with each other, then chances are that those jurors will rely on non-verbal forms of communication rather than the actual word spoken. Research has shown that many jurors have been convinced by some forms

Essence Of Informed Consent Nursing Essay

Essence Of Informed Consent Nursing Essay The relationship between a doctor and a patient today is based on the principle of freedom of choice (of doctor, treatment type) which is characteristic of informational relationship model. A new concept has replaced the previously prevailing in medical practice paternalism, when doctor individually, not considering patients opinion, made the decision on the examination and treatment. In the modern system of doctor-patient relationship, a patients right to voluntary informed consent plays an important role. Informed consent, which is a prerequisite for any medical intervention, is a patients voluntary acceptance of treatment after being sufficiently informed by the doctor. The process of obtaining informed consent can be divided into two stages: 1) providing patient with information on the basis of voluntariness and competence and 2) the getting and proper registration of the patients consent (Cohn Larson, 2007). Under the current law a patient has the right to be fully informed (Hoeyer, 2009): about his or her health status (including medical indicators of that state); about the doctors assumed actions, potential risks and benefits of each procedure; about alternatives to the proposed treatment; about the diagnosis, prognosis and course of treatment. When informing a patient, particular attention should be given to the possible risks associated with the course of the recommended treatment. In addition, to make conscious decisions about medical intervention the patient has the right to consult with a disinterested person and get an additional independent opinion on the state of his or her health. The patient also has the right to obtain information about the professional qualities of the person providing medical aid or special care, about the rules that the patient must follow when undergoing treatment and immediately after. The data provided to the patient by the doctor should contain all the necessary information (Schenker, 2011; Sugarman, 2005). Taking into account the principle of voluntariness of obtaining information, the patient has the right to refuse from receiving information about his or her health status or indicate a person who should be informed instead (Felt, 2009). When informing, an important issue is the patients competence and ability to understand the received special medical information. Obviously, information should be communicated to patient in a way consistent with his or her ability to comprehend. It should be differentiated depending on patients individualities and specific circumstances (general health state, educational level, etc.). Explaining the nature of the forthcoming treatment to the patient, it is desirable to use a minimum of medical or technical terms. If necessary, an interpreter should be provided for adequate communication and perception of information about treatment by the patient (Cohn Larson, 2007). At the time of receiving the information the patient should be able to perceive it in order to make conscious decisions about voluntary consent to medical intervention. Informed consent means that the decision should be made on patients own free will without such external factors as coercion; deception; threat; career, financial or other dependency (Cohn Larson, 2007; Sugarman, 2005). The obtained patients consent to medical intervention should be properly recorded. The current law on health care does not provide as a norm a written form of consent, but since getting informed consent is regarded as the right of the patient and therefore implies corresponding obligations of the doctor, the written form of consent is advisable as evidence of doctors execution of his duties. In case of a court issue or a conflict between patient and doctor, the written informed consent of the patient will guarantee objective consideration of the dispute. Literature review In medical literature, an opinion is expressed that informed consent is a doctors means of legal protection, greatly weakening patients legal position and not representing his or her interests fully. Any treatment carried out without patients informed consent is considered illegal, and if it causes harm, the question of obtaining a refund is solved uniquely. The situation changes when a damage occurs after fulfilling the obligation of providing the necessary information to the patient and obtaining the consent. In this situation the plaintiff-patient has to prove the relationship between treatment and harm beyond the limits of informed consent, or disclose the poor quality, insufficiency, or incompleteness of information, only in this case his or her verbal or written consent loses its meaning (Cockcroft, 2009; Felt, 2009; Sugarman, 2005). The current court practice of the dispute between patients and hospitals fully confirms this thesis. The problem can be solved by developing a certain standard of informing a patient about each type of medical intervention taking into account the existing medical standards for the provision of various forms of aid (Cockcroft, 2009). Standard of informing and the unified form of the document for this type of medical intervention can help to prevent or significantly reduce the number of legal disputes over the insufficiency and incompleteness of information provided to the patient. The lack of standard of informing the patient and the unified mechanism of regulation of issues related to its obtaining and registration prevents both the full implementation of the respective rights of a citizen and the protection of medical employees in case of conflict situations (Hoeyer, 2009). Moreover, in recent years a lot of information has appeared that team paternalistic attitude to the patient reduces the effect of therapeutic measures, that openness and collaboration between doctor and patient in making treatment decisions increase patients chances to survive even with the direst diagnoses, including cancer (Cohn Larson, 2007; Schenker, 2011). There is an article (Cunningham Watson, 2004) about the married couple of Simontons, the administrators of Dallas Cancer Center, who have achieved obvious success in treating malignant tumors by developing in patients the attitudes and belief in the possibility of nonspecific treatment of physiotherapy and occupational therapy. Practicing since 1971, the authors of the method managed in 63 out of 159 people condemned by the official medicine to maximum of one year of dying to completely remove the cancer stress (still alive), and help others to at least double their life span making it 24.4 months against 12 in the control g roup of patients treated by standard methods. That is a polar case of a high efficiency of cooperation of doctors and patients (Cunningham Watson, 2004). Due to the increasing number of lawsuits related to poor-quality medical care, unfavorable outcome of medical intervention, many hospitals are developing their own form of the document that displays the patients consent to medical intervention. Practice shows that the most commonly proof of voluntary consent of the patient to medical intervention is registered in case of delivery paid medical services or performing complex interventions, as well as in outpatient clinics that provide dental care. Lately, the principle of informed consent has been actively used in carrying out such interventions as preventive vaccinations. Further, well analyze the concept of informed consent, figuring out its main elements and effects, as well as discuss the implication of the concept in nursing practice. Antecedents, attributes, and consequences of the concept of informed consent The concept of informed consent was born in the fight against paternalism in the relationship between doctor and patient when it was believed that the doctor was all-knowing, wise, stern father, and the patient was an innocent child, who should unquestioningly obey the opinion of elders. Its appearance is associated with two global processes: the development of universal human rights, when with increasing educational and cultural level of the population each individual as a personality has become aware of his uniqueness and value, and the dissemination of market relations in the sphere of medical care, when a doctor gets into the position of the person who sells medical service, and the patient the person buying it (Sugarman, 2005). The bargaining parties are legally equal. In these circumstances, the seller (doctor) should prove himself that the choice made for the patient is the best available and be able to convince the buyer (patient), conveying his own logic of decision in a way that the latter would understand and believe that doctors actions are intended to cure, rather than just pulling the money. Thus, the risk is shared between the parties: the doctor puts his reputation and professional responsibility at risk, and patients put their health and sometimes their life. In general, the concept of informed consent derives from the general concept of individual rights, formulated at the beginning of the century. In particular, it refers to the right of a free citizen (the first and superior to other rights) to the inviolability of his personality, the right to himself implicitly recognized by all the rest (Steinberg, 2009). This law prohibits a doctor to break out his patients bodily integrity without having the permission. By this we mean that the patient is a person who will continue to live after medical penetration with all the consequences produced by it. And there is no legal obligation to the patient to accept the proposed treatment; in addition, laws do not mention that the patient can be subjected to any curative effects without his informed consent. The rights of doctors also do not include mandate to treat someone who is in need of treatment just in the opinion of doctor. The work of a doctor is certainly complicated by the conditions of the legal protection of personality, but the lack of such protection is not good too. For example, a Muslim fundamentalist will die of the idea that he was poured another persons blood when he was in a severe coma, and his relatives will regard it as lethal sacrilege. Thus, the doctrine of informed consent lies in the fact that before the doctor asks the patient to give consent on implementing an individual course of treatment or procedures that are risky, but have alternative options, especially where the chances of success are low, the patient must be provided with the following information (Cohn Larson, 2007; Hoeyer, 2009): what the proposed procedures are, and what they involve; what the risks and benefits of recommended measures are, specifically emphasizing the danger level of the most adverse outcomes (death or severe disability); what alternative ways of treatment and their risks are; what will happen if a patient do not start or delay treatment; which the probability of success is and what kind of success is expected by the doctor; what possible difficulties and duration of rehabilitation are; what other related information can be provided (answers to patients questions, posing similar cases from doctors experience, etc.) The patients are to be informed about the serious risks that increase their liability in the choice of consent to treatment or alternative treatment or in the direction of the full withdrawal from it. For example, the probability of death 1:10 000 should be mentioned, and the probability of postoperative non-threatening complications may not be mentioned. From a legal point of view, the doctrine increases patients self-involvement and self-determination in decision making and thus, increases its validity. The market buyer-seller relations are supplemented by the specific component of personal trust of the patient towards the doctor. The patient believes that the doctor gives him the full amount of information needed for the success of treatment. Thus, the relationship may assume the character of paternalism: the patient entrusts his fate to doctor at a level children entrust themselves to the care of parents. But this is no longer the same command paternalism that was specific for the past soulless administrative management systems. Still, a lot of discussions are focused around the question on how often patients need to be asked for permission. Courts consider that patients are to be asked in all cases fraught with any serious complications, infection, changes in appearance, etc. For example, a pregnant woman was treated by a dermatologist on a case of spots on her face. The doctor applied the traditional methods, without considering pregnancy, and the spots became more vivid on therapy. The court found the doctor guilty, as he did not see a serious reason for treatment and exposed a pregnant woman to unnecessary risk. First of all, courts ask their experts how necessary the treatment was and whether it did not involve additional risks which could be more significant than the expected success (Walker, 2008). Lawyers also in all cases try to find out whether the patients consent was competent, voluntary, and based on clear information. The problem the competence of concerns both parties. The doctor should not go beyond his competence in explanations. For example, the risk for complex anesthesia should be explained by an anesthesiologist. At the same time, every adult patient should a priori be considered legally competent listener, if he has no restrictions on capacity and is not under the acute influence of alcohol, drugs, etc. The question of the competence of the decision often arises in cases of deliberate incompetence of patients (children, persons found legally incapable because of mental disorders, moronity, senile dementia, etc.). Here, a decision is made by the same schemes with the participation of parents or guardians. For example, regarding homelessness people, the decisions are made by specially authorized social workers. If the family or of the guardianship have no consensus, the question of a single custodian is decided by court (Steinberg, 2009). Voluntariness lies in the fact that when making decisions, especially when signing a written consent or refusal, the patient was not subject to any external pressure (threats, bribery, onerous financial terms). Understanding of the provided information can be difficult to prove, which in judicial practice is known as an example of denial of earlier given evidence. Often the patient finally remembers that the choice was made by him voluntarily (Felt, 2009). But if the doctor initially failed to reconcile the expectations of the patient from treatment with the possibilities of modern therapy, it becomes difficult to resolve such conflicts. There are 4 main cases when the doctrine of informed consent may not be applied: 1. In case of emergency care, where any delay threatens the life or preservation of the health of the patient; 2. If the risks are negligibly low and are well known to all the citizens (e.g., risks of blood test); 3. If the patient knowingly refuses to listen to information about the likelihood of death or severe disability (such a refusal is preferably set down). 4. If the doctor believes that the patient cannot psychologically bear the informational trauma from the message on the discovered disease or health state. In this case, the doctor should ask the patient to whom he entrusts the discussion of health problems and future treatment. In modern terms, this occasion is resorted rarely. It would also be wrong to introduce the patient to treatment, allowing him to read professional literature (Schenker, 2011). Such reading could cause the effect of Mark Twain, who, reading the Encyclopaedia Britannica, discovered he had all the diseases, except for puerperal fever. Besides, the language of medical literature is complicated for an average patient. It can only complexity the understanding of what the patient has to move through and what results he has to wait for and when. However, hospitals and clinics have an internal profilization, and for each doctor, there is a small collection of some standardized technologies and procedures, the description of which is easy in the framework of adopted treatment schemes and within the language understandable to an average literate competent patient. In these booklets of internal use, a patient can find the information on risks, alternatives, and consequences of refusing from treatment. Literate patients are provided with booklets and others come through interviews with nurses (Cohn Larson, 2007; Schenker, 2011). Conclusion. Implications for nursing Nursing personnel makes up the largest category of health workers, and the effectiveness of health care institutions largely depends on their professional knowledge and skills. Important functions of the nursing staff are informing patients about their rights and responsibilities when receiving medical aid, about medical interventions conducted by nursing staff including information about the associated risks, options for medical intervention, their consequences and outcomes of treatment (Higgins Daly, 2002). Discussing situation with the patient and possible ways of its improvement, the nurse should consider the significant point that the patient has the right to accept or reject the suggested treatment and care after receiving the necessary information. Therefore, he should be informed about everything that happened to him, everything that will be done, that he himself or his relatives will have to do, and give the consent. Further, the plan can only include the problems, goals and interventions agreed by the patient. It is desirable that the informed consent of the patient was recorded in nursing documentation. In our case the patient cannot speak, but he understands everything and can by any gesture confirm his consent. The nurse must not only respect the rights of the patient but also tell him about his rights (Higgins Daly, 2002; Informed consent for research in critical care: implications for nursing, 2006). The nurse should write down all nursing interventions, actions on addressing the problem, into a report (usually on the reverse side of the page with the plan). This helps to monitor the activities of nurses and to provide continuity, so that the next shift nurse knew what has been done and what needs to be done. The plan of nursing interventions is made by the nurse, who was on the shift when the patient arrived, but during a shift of some other nurse some additional problems may occur. Then the nurse formulates goals and nursing interventions, and inserts an extra sheet into the folder kept for each patient. If the problem is solved, the corresponding sheet is replaced to the bottom of the folder (Ulrich, 2010). It is recognized around the world that the quality of health care depends not only on doctors, but also on the professional nursing care. Therefore after discharging a patient, all the documentation on the nursing process is stored in the archive together with patient record. It is desirable that a patient had a copy of the plan of nursing interventions, so that he could estimate progress on the way to recovery. In any case, the nurse should discuss the situation with the patient and his relatives, show positive changes, etc. (Higgins Daly, 2002; Ulrich, 2010) In any case, nursing interventions can be very diverse, but one of the major responsibilities of nurses is to clarify the patients understanding of purpose and progress of the upcoming treatment and his consent to the procedure. In general, the doctrine of informed consent is the most modern form of the union of medicine with the people, the reflection of the most humane inclusion of medicine for the benefit of living, constantly renewing humanity. Only the further development of the principle of voluntary informed consent to medical intervention, its wide application in medical institutions can help to protect the legal rights and interests of both patients and medical professionals.

Affirmative Action :: essays research papers

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION I. â€Å"We didn’t land on Plymouth Rock, my brothers and sisters – Plymouth Rock landed on us!† Malcolm X’s observation is brought out by the facts of American History. Snatched from their native land, transported thousands of miles – in a nightmare of disease and death – and sold into slavery, blacks were reduced to the legal status of farm animals. Even after emancipation, blacks were segregated from whites – in some states by law, and by social practice almost everywhere. American apartheid continued for another century.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1954 the Supreme Court declared state-compelled segregation in schools unconstitutional, and it followed up that decision with others that struck down many forms of official segregation. Still, discrimination survived, and in most southern states blacks were either discouraged or prohibited from exercising their right to vote. Not until the 1960’s was compulsory segregation finally and effectively challenged. Between 1964 and 1968 Congress passed the most sweeping civil rights legislation since the end of the Civil War. It banned discrimination in employment, public accommodations (hotels, motels, restaurants, etc.), and housing; it also guaranteed voting rights for blacks in areas suspected of disenfranchising blacks. Today, several agencies in the federal government exercise sweeping powers to enforce these civil rights measures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But is that enough? Equality of condition between blacks and whites seems as elusive as ever. The black unemployment rate is double that of whites, and the percentage of black families living in poverty is nearly four times that of whites. Only a small percentage of blacks ever make it into medical school or law schools.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Advocates of affirmative action have focused upon these differences to support their argument that it is no longer enough just to stop discrimination. Liberal Democrats feel that the damage done by three centuries of racism now has to be remedied, they argue, and effective remediation requires a policy of â€Å"affirmative action.† At the heart of affirmative action is the use of â€Å"numerical goals.† Opponents call them â€Å"racial quotas.† Whatever the name, what they imply is the setting aside of a certain number of jobs or positions for blacks or other historically oppressed groups. Conservative Republicans charge that affirmative action really amounts to reverse discrimination, that it penalizes innocent people simply because they are white, that it often results in unqualified appointments, and that it ends up harming instead of helping blacks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The issue of preferences to address historical patterns of racial, ethnic, and gender discrimination has received a great deal of attention nationally.

Reflection on Culture Shock

Last class, the professor let us see a picture. The picture tells us unlike America, Canada likes salad; different people can go into its culture and do not need to throw its own culture, like a melting pot. I think this metaphor is very vivid. In my eyes, Canadian is more friendly and more kind than American. When I get on the bus, I see various people from different countries. And they talk about something together, very happy and harmonious. If we bump somebody at school accidently, you will find that before you say sorry to him, he will say sorry to you. At first I feel strange about that. I bump to him, why he don’t angry and say sorry to me? When I back home I ask my home stay mother, she said Canadian is very polite. If you get lost and ask a guy how to get the destination, he will tell you in detail as if he is afraid of you getting lost. Few days ago, after I had supper in East, I want to buy some Korea food, I know there has a supermarket near the restaurant, but I do not know how to get there. So I look around to think the way. Then a man came to me and asked: â€Å" Can I help you? You look confused just now. Where do you want to go? † I told him the name of the supermarket and he said follow me, I lead you to there. I appreciated him and got there. So from my experience, I like this diverse cultural atmosphere, I always think that I am a lucky dog I come to this big culture family!

The Shame of Family Films

The The Shame of Family Films In the article â€Å"The Shame of Family Films† the author, Julia Baird, discusses how there is a lack of female heroines or female main characters in children’s movies. She then goes on to describe a study done by Stacy Smith and Marc Choueiti at the Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism at the University of Southern California, who analyzed 122 family films, including the fifty top-grossing ones during the years 2006 to 2009, ranging from G to PG-13. In the study they found that 29. 2 percent of the characters were female.They also found that one in four characters were portrayed â€Å"sexy, tight, or alluring attire†, which was compared to one in twenty-five male characters. The author then went on discuss how many women were found behind all these children’s movies. She referred to a study called The Annenburg Study that was commissioned by Geena Davis Institute and it found that the percentage of animators who were female, the percentage of women who form crowd scenes in family films, and the percentage of female narrators were all seventeen percent. Related article: Shame is Worth a Try SummaryThis article made me think back to the movies I watched as a child and I realized that a lot of those movies were also sexist. Many of the movies were and are made with traditional gender roles set in them. They portrayed a feeble main female character that was saved by a strong male character or a main character was a very strong minded male who was assisted by a female sidekick. I agree with Baird that there is a lack of heroines in children’s movies. Many children may continue to follow the traditional gender roles because of the movies they watch.Boys will think that they are suppose to be strong, powerful, and intelligent and the girls will think that they have to be weak and that even if they are strong and have power, a male will always have more power. I would like to see more female characters in children’s movies not abiding by the traditional gender roles because I think little girls should know that they can give boys a run for their money when it comes to becoming strong and powerful. I grew up with the traditional gender roles and I hated that I had to.I didn’t like when my brothers and I would play â€Å"doctor’s office† or â€Å"school†, I had to be the nurse or teacher when they were able to be the doctor or principal. It made me feel like I was second best compared to them and I don’t think any little girl should feel the way I used to feel. Every child should feel like they can become whatever he or she wants and should not limit themselves because of the gender roles many are taught as a child. Reference: http://www. newsweek. com/2010/09/22/why-family-films-are-so-sexist. html

Boxes and Boxing

Boxes and Boxing Boxes and Boxing Boxes and Boxing By Mark Nichol Is there any connection between the word for a usually square or rectangular container and the name of the contact sport called the sweet science? The pugilistic sense of box may be related to the botanical one and therefore to the general sense of an object in which something is situated or enclosed, but no direct relationship has been traced. However, this post explains the etymological origin of the word in both senses and provides some definitions and usage examples. Box is ultimately from the word pyxos, the Greek name of the box tree, by way of the Latin term buxis. The wood of the box tree, also called boxwood, is used for making things- including, naturally, boxes. (The tree itself is used for hedges and topiary.) Now, however, a box can be made of virtually any material, and though most boxes consist of square or rectangular faces, they come in many shapes. By extension, the word has come to refer to seating compartments for spectators at a sports or performing-arts event, receptacles for mail (though mailbox may refer to both physical and electronic correspondence, and â€Å"letter box† is used in British English), a manually drawn or electronically produced square or rectangular space, or the defined space in which a batter stands while at bat during a game of baseball. (There is also a catcher’s box adjacent to the batter’s box, and the pitcher’s mound, from its origin as a boxed area, is still sometimes referred to as â€Å"the box.†) Box is also a verb meaning â€Å"place in a box,† the act of enclosing something in a box is boxing, and boxy is an adjective meaning â€Å"resembling a box.† In addition, many terms incorporate box as the first or second element in an open or closed compound (for example, â€Å"box office† and hatbox). Boxing Day, a holiday in the United Kingdom and various countries that were part of the British Empire, is said to stem from the tradition of giving boxes containing money or presents to servants and tradespeople on the day after Christmas (or near the holiday). But in the United States, the holiday is not observed and is little known; boxing is in American English solely a reference to the sport in which fists are used to strike or defend oneself from an opponent. The term derives from the verb box, which means â€Å"beat, strike, or thrash with one’s hands or fists.† Box itself can be a noun in this sense, though it is rarely used as such. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One Spelling15 Great Word GamesCapitalizing Titles of People and Groups

If theres one thing Ive learned †Book Review

If theres one thing Ive learned – Book Review Free Online Research Papers If there’s one thing I’ve learned Book Review If there’s one thing I’ve learned Book Review by James Green We can all learn something from the people around us. And with that in mind, author James Green posed one broad question-If you could go back and change anything in your life, what would you do differently? That single question and its varied answers take readers on a journey into the lives of 87 people from all walks of life. Each has a true story to share. The stories are well written and capture the naked truth behind people’s regrets and triumphs. By dividing the stories categorically, the reader benefits from stories about dreams, the one who got away, careers, relationships, friends family, money, education, kindness, perspective and time. Each story is told in first person, which really helps connect the reader and story teller. Green does an excellent job of peering into other people’s reality and offering the reader wisdom, advice and important life lessons by simply allowing the person to speak openly. While the author doesn’t pass judgment on any of the storytellers, he does manage to share a few personal stories of his own, throughout the book, all of which give the reader a chance to learn the author is a pilot and someone who was once fearful, but now takes life by the horns. It’s rare that a book moves me the way in which this one did. I found myself deeply touched by a father openly regretful about breaking a promise to his young son. Years later, he and his son barely speak and as the story closes the father says, â€Å"You wanted to know if there was anything in my life I wish I could have done differently. Well, I wish I had gotten out of bed and gone fishing with my son.† Then there’s the lighthearted story of Mary, a retired school teacher who loved her career. She feels fulfilled and glad she selected a vocation that suited her. â€Å"The idea is to choose something you can be passionate about. If you can do that, then your job becomes a part of you. If you can do that, you’ll never really have a job.† Curtis, retired Commander in the U.S. Navy gives readers an eye opening reality check as he tells of a trip he spent years planning with his wife,but kept putting off. In an ironic twist of fate the trip is abruptly cancelled when his wife learns she has cancer and has only a month to live and can’t travel. Curtis honors his wife in death, by drastically changing the way he and his kids live. He says, â€Å"If there’s one thing I’ve learned, it’s that you’re not guaranteed a tomorrow. With that in mind, I’ve done some things I never would have done before. It felt good to do them too. You know, life is just too short.† I highly recommend this book for anyone. I believe it will meet you where you’re at in life. For the graduate ready to conquer the world, it offers a fair amount of practical advice and for the person who’s spent years just existing, a chance to prove it’s never too late for change. If there’s one thing I’ve learned, it’s that we truly can learn from the experience of others-good and bad. Research Papers on If there’s one thing I’ve learned - Book ReviewMind TravelBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionStandardized TestingHip-Hop is ArtEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

An Issue Of Bone Marrow Donors

An Issue Of Bone Marrow Donors Thousands upon thousands of people living all around the world are searching for a bone marrow donor this very second. Finding a donor with a genetic match is crucial, and will make the difference between life and death for the patients in need. Finding a donor that has bone marrow with the right genetic components as the patient is not an easy task. It is very hard to find a person with a match because there are not many people willing to become a donor. There is a huge controversial debate on whether bone marrow donors should be compensated. As of 2014, unfortunately, it is still illegal for a bone marrow donor to be compensated. Bone marrow donors should undoubtedly be compensated because the number of donors will increase astoundingly, bone marrow does grow back in one’s lifetime and is not like an organ that doesn’t return, and this positive initiative will save a tremendous amount of lives. The number one concern of everyone involved should be about the patient re ceiving the right match for a bone marrow transplant, and surviving, not about how it is considered â€Å"unethical.† While finding a perfect match for a donor isn’t easy in 2014, within the next ten years, hopefully our federal government will see that compensating bone marrow donors isn’t harmful to anyone involved and will save many lives. Compensating bone marrow, by providing scholarships that are completely from charity donations, will be a low-cost solution to make more people interested in becoming a donor. This will immensely increase the number of matches for each patient, because there will be many more donors to choose from. It also must be stressed that charity donations will strictly provide these scholarships, not the patient, or the patient’s family. That would be a financial burden to the entire family, which is not something the family should have to worry about, as well as all of the medical concerns. These compensations would not depend on the financial income of the family, â€Å"†¦so there is no danger that the incentives will â€Å"aid† only the rich† (Rowes 2011). The number of donors will multiply when people interested in becoming a donor see that there is a positive incentive involved. It is illegal to compensate both organ donors and bone marrow donors, but the two have a characteristic that is completely different from one another. When a person donates their organ, it does not grow back. It is gone forever. When a person donates bone marrow, it will eventually grow back again in time. It is perfectly legal for egg, sperm, and blood donors to be paid for their donations. Many people think of bone marrow and think of it as something huge, while it is just blood cells that are just immature. Why is it legal to compensate blood donors, but not bone marrow donors? The procedures used for both blood donations and bone marrow donations are very similar. Bone marrow donors should be treated like egg, blood, and sperm donors. Each of those types of donations will save or create new lives, and the donor will either already have, or gain more of what they donated (sperm, blood, egg, and bone marrow) quickly after the procedure. Many people argue that bone marrow donors shouldn’t be compensated because of its unethicality. Whether or not it is ethical, or right or wrong, shouldn’t stop anyone from seeing how much compensation could really make the difference between life and death for almost all patients. While people may want to donate for the wrong reasons, compensating donors will increase the amount of donors, which is ultimately the most important thing. It is also argued that unethicality of compensation, will raise safety concerns for the patients receiving the transplant and that â€Å"†¦the promise of compensation may cause the donor to be less forthcoming, placing either the patient or the donor at unnecessary risk† (Petersdorf 2011). This means that a person with certain diseases may apply to be a donor and apply for the money aspect, while keeping some of their medical history hidden, putting themselves and the patient in danger. A way that this can be avoided is by maki ng every donor that is applying to provide his or her own complete, official medical records, while also making it mandatory for them to take screenings for certain diseases, and receiving any immunizations, if necessary. This will eliminate any uncertainties concerning safety of compensating donors. By offering compensation to bone marrow donors, and requiring medical screenings and records for those who apply, thousands more lives will be saved every single day safely. Offering compensating to bone marrow donors is the best option to get more people interested in becoming a donor, which will then drastically increase the number of lives that are saved. The donor pool will become much larger so it will be much easier for patients to find the right genetic match. The cells of bone marrow grow back very soon after the donation is given, just like sperm, eggs, and blood do, which is why it should be legal for a bone marrow donor to also be compensated. A bone marrow donation should not be treated like an organ donation because they are very different from one another. An organ will not grow back. Bone marrow is renewable. Bone marrow donors should be rewarded with small scholarships because it will increase the number of donors, it is very similar to donating blood, which is legal to be compensated, and it will make the difference between life and death for most patients. Patients right now are searching for their perfect bone marrow match within the l imited pool of donors, in what may be their last years, months, days, minutes, or even seconds of their lives. This devastating fact can be changed forever, if we allow compensation to bone marrow donors. It can make all the difference. Lets give these patients the life they deserve, and help them live for many years ahead.

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Study Example ep due to stress, work pressure and physical ailments. Chronic stress in Jennifer has affected her health physically. She has developed various physical ailments like backaches, headaches and indigestion. She also feels tired often. Though she visits doctor frequently, no obvious physical cause has been identified. These ailments actually lead to loss of sleep which further affects health and thus chronic stress is a vicious cycle of events. Chronic stress can lead to depression, anxiety, somatization, chronic fatigue and psychotropic drug consumption. It can lead to decreased immunity to infections. It can cause hypertension, precipitate diabetes, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux and angina. It can also lead to poor eating habits, irregular sleep patterns, drug abuse and avert socialization, causing further worsening of health (Nevid and Rathus, 2005). How are these stressors affecting Jennifer’s self-concept and self-esteem? It is a well known fact that chronic stress impa cts not only the physical health of the individual, but also the mental health, including self-esteem and self-concept. Though Jennifer is a successful woman with excellent organizational qualities and good work performance record, several losses in her life like loss of conception, loss of mother and deteriorating health of father have impacted her performance and endurance. Added to these, long distance commutation, responsibilities at home and frustration over not being able to conceive and also not able to help her father out of suffering have undermined her very sense of achievement. Though Jennifer meets doctor often and has found no obvious reason for physical ailment, she does not admit going through stress. Being an ambitious woman and wanting to be perfect in every role of her life, she has unnecessarily put too many pressures on her shoulders. However, stress has reduced her level of self-esteem and self-concept. Jennifer, a once confident woman, is now beginning to quest ion her effectiveness as a daughter, daughter-in-law and wife. Due to innumerous mistakes at workplace, she is beginning to question her work performance. Also, inability to conceive after the previous miscarriage has shattered her confidence levels and she feels that she is not able to live up to the expectations of her in-laws who love her very much. She also feels guilty that she is not able to take care of her father in the manner he expects and thus feels that she is not able to live upto the expectations of her father whose health is deteriorating. Stress can lead to overwhelming fatigue, headache, abdominal pain, and impaired sleep. It can cause deterioration in social skills (Nevid and Rathus, 2005). Individuals in the midst of burnout often lose patience more easily, appear to be moody and depressed, withdraw from others, and do not interact with others as they did in the past. They may become more abrupt, cruder and abrasive in their dealings with others. Jennifer could be suffering from these problems too. How might Jennifer’s situation illustrate adjustment? How might this situation become an

Leadership Theory and Leadership Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership Theory and Leadership Styles - Essay Example Leadership, as defined by Armandi, Oppedisano, and Sherman (2003), is basically about influencing and motivating a particular group towards achieving a common goal. It is centered on the kind of relationship between the leader and the members of the organization that can motivate people to work hard and strengthen the bonds existing within the organization. A good leader is inspirational and good with people. Leadership is about making the people feel motivated, devoted, and even inspired through persuasion and certainly not coercion. To get the real outcomes necessary in a highly competitive time, individuals need to desire to give their best, not just be required to do so, and this is exactly what Ford’s new CEO Alan Mulally has demonstrated since he started working for Ford Company. Despite of his limitations and the company’s difficult circumstances, Mulally has shown his desire, enthusiasm, and determination to help the company survive the recession back in 2000 an d eventually realize its potential towards success. He leads the entire team of Ford with a vision, passion, and heart that encourages and inspires his people to participate in the company’s business endeavors. Mulally, an American engineer and former aerospace guy at Boeing, has evidently changed the course of business for Ford. With his novel perspectives on leadership and management, he was able to help Ford picked up from its billions of losses specifically during the recession period. The most important feature of his leadership, which perhaps has greatly helped Ford survive, is the way he focuses on the most important and innovative idea that he thinks would best work for the company and for the people. He believes that focus is a vital component of a successful leadership because it takes a lot of thinking and rationalizing to get the right decision among the many opportunities available. When Mulally arrived at Ford in 2006, there were various uncertainties about his appointment as the organization’s new leader. The very fact that he was an outsider and knew nothing about the car industry created a lot of suspicions from the other members of the organization (Kiley, 2009). Yet, Mulally remained focus on thinking about ways to improve the organization from within to its overall performance in the market (Taylor III, 2009). As a leader, Mulally adopts the democratic or participative leadership style. A democratic or participative administrator’s style basically encourages the participation of each member of the organization in decision-making (Armandi, Oppedisano & Sherman, 2003). The leader or management team consults the entire group before it concludes any matter in the organization. In this kind of administration, it is highly essential to win the cooperation of the team or organization members because this will motivate them effectively and optimistically. Mulally changed the bureaucratic system of the company and increased part icipation from employees of different departments and levels: When I arrived there were six or seven people reporting to Bill Ford, and the IT person wasn't there, the human resources person wasn't there†¦ So I moved up and included every functional discipline on my team because everybody in this place had to be involved and had to know everything. (Taylor III, 2009, para. 26) Mulally’s participative leadership style is even more reflected through how he promotes open and effective communication

Analyses the processes of innovation implemented during new venture Essay

Analyses the processes of innovation implemented during new venture creation through the study of a Small to Medium Enterprise ( - Essay Example Thus, it is important to analyse the processes involved in the creation of a venture and this can be clearly illustrated through the study of SMEs. Especially in the case of understanding innovation for a new venture, SMEs are perfect models in order to understand the entire process involved. This essay tries to discuss the processes of innovation involved in the creation of new venture through understanding SMEs. SME and its environment The SMEs are affected by the internal and business environment because they are all integral parts of the existing innovative process of the global business. As of the present trend in conducting business, SMEs are the basic units of a country’s affairs in commerce and trade. Thus, there is a need to analyse the recent business environment that substantially influenced SMEs significant moves. PEST Analysis Politics, economy, social and technological aspects are essential parts of the business environment. All of these components are affecting SMEs at certain level. After all, SMEs are organisations or companies with specific structure, operation and resources that are highly influenced by politics, economy, social and technological factors. ... This is the current scenario especially among SMEs in which their opportunities lie on the ability of the government to integrate its political power into the business environment. Thus, SMEs are trying to create important efforts to eliminate whatever existing gaps that may arise along the process. Economy The recent global economic recession is said to be worst economic downturn in history as next to Great Depression (Marino et al., 2010). It is in this reason that companies are making extra effort in order to recover from corresponding profit lose they incurred from such economic event. In line with this, SMEs are under important moves in order to ensure continuous business operation. Social The business environment without question is composed of individuals who are in their daily activities may be influenced by the information they received from the environment. One of this may be due to the effort of companies to stimulate needs for their offerings. Kotler (1999) discussed that companies are into formulating strategies that eventually will stimulate needs for their offerings. This in return may set the current social trend in which the business sectors have gained considerable opportunity for their growth. In line with this, SMEs are challenged to formulate their own strategy in order to also gain social acceptance. Technology The transfer of knowledge and technology is politically desired by the government but this is hindered by issues such as problems related with communication and technology down to intellectual property regimes (Dhillon et al., 2009). The real issue therefore is on how SMEs can eventually adapt into technological competency as the latest trend in the business environment. Aspects of

MY MAJOR (Architecture) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MY MAJOR (Architecture) - Essay Example responds in some measure to some external or prevailing cultural climates when making their designs, hence overtime it has emerged that architecture is a cultural artifact reflecting the nature of that culture.(Fawcett, 1998) Over the years since Vitruvius writing at the time of the founding of the Roman Empire, Ii has been recognized that an appreciation of the role of architecture is essential to the understanding of the art of architecture itself. Vitruvius in his time identified that there are three basic important components of architecture as firmitas, utilitas and venustas. These three words were later described by Sir Henry Wooton in the seventeenth century to mean firmness, commodity and delight respectively (MacDonald, 1994) Commodity is in the Vitruvian qualities referred to the practical functioning of the building structure. It means the practical functioning of the building will require that the spaces provided for in the structure is actually of use and serves the purpose for which the building was built. Firmness is the most basic quality. It encompasses the buildings ability to preserve a high physical integrity and survive in the world as a physical object. The part of the building involved mostly in firmness is its structure, without structure there is no building and hence no commodity. The final quality is delight, this simply referrers to the beauty of the structure including the beauty of the external environment and the interior design. In order to appreciate fully the qualities of the work of the architecture, the observer or critique should at least know something on its structural makeup. (MacDonald, 1994) The architect as a person should be well conversant with the various disciplines of life; he or she should be well equipped with the numerous branches and the varied kinds of learning, for it is through his or her judgments that all the works of art is put to test (Morgan, 2014). This knowledge then becomes the ‘child’ of

Elections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Elections - Essay Example 4) Biden gave both opening and closing statements, Ryan was defensive, and it was a one sided victory by Biden. 3)The feisty Republican candidate relentlessly criticized and thrashed the opponent Democratic ways, policies and leadership style i.e. Obama care, Libya, economy etc (Espo, and Daly). But on matters such as Taxes, Foreign Policy, American values, he gave baffled answers. The first question out of three that were more prominent was: Biden was anti-war like Obama and said clearly that the last thing that America needed was another war, while Ryan, like Romney said they would continue to increase troops and forces in Iraq and Afghanistan, and they do foresee a war in the making with Iran due to Iran-U.S clashes. 2) Secondly, Ryan defended well, the fiery questions from Biden, about his Taxes plans and Federal Policy facts 3) Ryan was not able to retain his composure upon questions regarding Foreign policy matters especially the Middle East situation, and National security mat ters such as combating terrorism (Miles). Ryan had the edge over Biden from the start by 42% to 25% margin (Espo, and Daly). But due to his young age and lack of experience and political insight, he failed to get a strong grip of the debate and ended up being wonky and puzzled about questions regarding their tax related policies and foreign policy predictions. I am personally in favor of Biden’s take on all over the debate issues, as he tackled the situations with a lot of reason and logic, and without exaggeration he had facts and figures to support his arguments, and his age, experience and Political know how helped him immensely, to get the audiences’ attention. 4)Although, it is hard to decide which candidate won the debate, as both had their strong and weak moments, but Biden had a clear, easily sensed edge over his rival Ryan. Ryan sounded wonky, less expressive, less concrete and lacking in political rationale. Part 4) 4)2012 results VOTES % WON Barack Obama 62, 611,250 50.6% Mitt Romney 59,134,475 47.8 Others 1,968,682 1.6 (Andrews et al ). SOURCE: AP. Map Barack Obama won the United States Election 2012 by leading from the front, either of the candidates, Barack H. Obama, and Mitt Romney, had to secure 270 seats to achieve the highly anticipated victory. Barack Obama won with 332 Electoral Votes, while Mitt Romney ended up with 206 Votes (Andrews et al ). The Map Analysis prior to the close Electoral Campaign shows that President Obama  carries a momentous, edge over former Massachusetts governor  Mitt Romney  in the battle for 270 electoral votes this fall, according to the first detailed analysis of the map conducted by the Fix ( Chris , and Aaron Blake ) Obama starts the general election with 15 states (plus the District of Columbia) and 196 electoral votes strengthen him while Romney begins with 21 states and 170 electoral votes firmly in his corner. (One of the states sturdily for Romney is Indiana, where Obama won in 2008 but no one expects a repeat performance in 2012). Another three states — Pennsylvania (20 electoral votes), Michigan (16) and New Mexico (5) — incline toward Obama while Arizona (11) and Missouri (10) lean toward Romney. Adding them up lends Obama 237 electoral votes and Romney 191 electoral votes. (Chris, and Aaron Blake) The SWING States: While Obama was a much likely candidate than Romney, victory will be decided by the nine swing states —

Analyses the processes of innovation implemented during new venture Essay

Analyses the processes of innovation implemented during new venture creation through the study of a Small to Medium Enterprise ( - Essay Example Thus, it is important to analyse the processes involved in the creation of a venture and this can be clearly illustrated through the study of SMEs. Especially in the case of understanding innovation for a new venture, SMEs are perfect models in order to understand the entire process involved. This essay tries to discuss the processes of innovation involved in the creation of new venture through understanding SMEs. SME and its environment The SMEs are affected by the internal and business environment because they are all integral parts of the existing innovative process of the global business. As of the present trend in conducting business, SMEs are the basic units of a country’s affairs in commerce and trade. Thus, there is a need to analyse the recent business environment that substantially influenced SMEs significant moves. PEST Analysis Politics, economy, social and technological aspects are essential parts of the business environment. All of these components are affecting SMEs at certain level. After all, SMEs are organisations or companies with specific structure, operation and resources that are highly influenced by politics, economy, social and technological factors. ... This is the current scenario especially among SMEs in which their opportunities lie on the ability of the government to integrate its political power into the business environment. Thus, SMEs are trying to create important efforts to eliminate whatever existing gaps that may arise along the process. Economy The recent global economic recession is said to be worst economic downturn in history as next to Great Depression (Marino et al., 2010). It is in this reason that companies are making extra effort in order to recover from corresponding profit lose they incurred from such economic event. In line with this, SMEs are under important moves in order to ensure continuous business operation. Social The business environment without question is composed of individuals who are in their daily activities may be influenced by the information they received from the environment. One of this may be due to the effort of companies to stimulate needs for their offerings. Kotler (1999) discussed that companies are into formulating strategies that eventually will stimulate needs for their offerings. This in return may set the current social trend in which the business sectors have gained considerable opportunity for their growth. In line with this, SMEs are challenged to formulate their own strategy in order to also gain social acceptance. Technology The transfer of knowledge and technology is politically desired by the government but this is hindered by issues such as problems related with communication and technology down to intellectual property regimes (Dhillon et al., 2009). The real issue therefore is on how SMEs can eventually adapt into technological competency as the latest trend in the business environment. Aspects of

Elections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Elections - Essay Example 4) Biden gave both opening and closing statements, Ryan was defensive, and it was a one sided victory by Biden. 3)The feisty Republican candidate relentlessly criticized and thrashed the opponent Democratic ways, policies and leadership style i.e. Obama care, Libya, economy etc (Espo, and Daly). But on matters such as Taxes, Foreign Policy, American values, he gave baffled answers. The first question out of three that were more prominent was: Biden was anti-war like Obama and said clearly that the last thing that America needed was another war, while Ryan, like Romney said they would continue to increase troops and forces in Iraq and Afghanistan, and they do foresee a war in the making with Iran due to Iran-U.S clashes. 2) Secondly, Ryan defended well, the fiery questions from Biden, about his Taxes plans and Federal Policy facts 3) Ryan was not able to retain his composure upon questions regarding Foreign policy matters especially the Middle East situation, and National security mat ters such as combating terrorism (Miles). Ryan had the edge over Biden from the start by 42% to 25% margin (Espo, and Daly). But due to his young age and lack of experience and political insight, he failed to get a strong grip of the debate and ended up being wonky and puzzled about questions regarding their tax related policies and foreign policy predictions. I am personally in favor of Biden’s take on all over the debate issues, as he tackled the situations with a lot of reason and logic, and without exaggeration he had facts and figures to support his arguments, and his age, experience and Political know how helped him immensely, to get the audiences’ attention. 4)Although, it is hard to decide which candidate won the debate, as both had their strong and weak moments, but Biden had a clear, easily sensed edge over his rival Ryan. Ryan sounded wonky, less expressive, less concrete and lacking in political rationale. Part 4) 4)2012 results VOTES % WON Barack Obama 62, 611,250 50.6% Mitt Romney 59,134,475 47.8 Others 1,968,682 1.6 (Andrews et al ). SOURCE: AP. Map Barack Obama won the United States Election 2012 by leading from the front, either of the candidates, Barack H. Obama, and Mitt Romney, had to secure 270 seats to achieve the highly anticipated victory. Barack Obama won with 332 Electoral Votes, while Mitt Romney ended up with 206 Votes (Andrews et al ). The Map Analysis prior to the close Electoral Campaign shows that President Obama  carries a momentous, edge over former Massachusetts governor  Mitt Romney  in the battle for 270 electoral votes this fall, according to the first detailed analysis of the map conducted by the Fix ( Chris , and Aaron Blake ) Obama starts the general election with 15 states (plus the District of Columbia) and 196 electoral votes strengthen him while Romney begins with 21 states and 170 electoral votes firmly in his corner. (One of the states sturdily for Romney is Indiana, where Obama won in 2008 but no one expects a repeat performance in 2012). Another three states — Pennsylvania (20 electoral votes), Michigan (16) and New Mexico (5) — incline toward Obama while Arizona (11) and Missouri (10) lean toward Romney. Adding them up lends Obama 237 electoral votes and Romney 191 electoral votes. (Chris, and Aaron Blake) The SWING States: While Obama was a much likely candidate than Romney, victory will be decided by the nine swing states —

Shagri La Advertisement Analysis Essay Example for Free

Shagri La Advertisement Analysis Essay One of the hallmarks of modern capitalism is advertising, helping fuel the economy by motivating buyers and supporting sellers. A prime promotional tool includes television commercials. It has become apparent over the years that television ads heighten peoples interest in products. Taking this into consideration, television advertising today has overwhelming influence on consumer purchases and   attraction to services. The consumer mind frame is largely weighted by what advertisements encourage and coerce people to buy, do and even believe. A television ad concept is not difficult to actualise, but creating an affective one that will excite audiences is. Television is firstly a visual medium and secondly auditory, allowing short stories to be told by advertisers. This medium allows for maximisation of the creative potential. Brand History Shangri-La is a premier hospitality provider founded in 1971 in Singapore. Its name was inspired by James Hiltons legendary novel Lost Horizon, which encapsulates a placid haven in the Himalayas mountains, called Shangri-La, which cast a spell on its residents. Today, Shangri-La composes of over 70 deluxe hotels and resorts in key cities in Asia Pacific, Canada and the Middle East. Apart from providing hotels and resorts, it has also established spas and luxury serviced apartments. Based in Hong Kong, Shangri-La has plans to expand globally with advancements under way throughout Asia, Europe and North America. The vision of Shangri-La is to be the first choice for their guests, colleagues, shareholders and business partners, with its mission to delight their guests every time by creating engaging experiences straight from their hearts. Target Audiences Instead of highlighting the usual comforts and amenities of the hotel, the ad tries to work on the subconscious level of the consumers. The man is neither familiar with nature of wolves nor with the terrain. This means that ad is not designed for regular loyal customer and Shangri-La is confident of retaining them with its service. Furthermore the ad characterizes a man fighting alone in an adverse condition rules out family as target. Its primary aim is to attract new customer especially working class who are rich enough to spend but are skeptical of service provided. This tactic used is to convey quality   which uses a very fine experience from human life. It is safe to consider this ad to be reaching out to the niche market of business men of middle to upper class stature. However, also not to mention anyone who is willing to pay the price for comfort as well. Objectives Of Commercial The advertisement is excellently scripted and shot to keep viewers glued to the screen when watching it   for the first time. Creatively crafted with such brilliant cinematography and accompanied by an empowering original music piece composed by Bruno Coulais. Audiences would not figure out that this would be a commercial for a hotel until the ending of it. The symbolism used in this ad creates a lasting impression on the viewer’s mind. The ad is designed keeping in view the consumer’s perspective and expectation away from the hotel. Depicted in the commercial is a   man with backpack and equipment that symbolizes a career oriented customer. This person is in an unknown place for work related affairs. He is tired in his endeavors and looking for a place to rest and rejuvenate, namely a hotel or a resort. Wolves are generally associated with sinister and wicked activities and here they depict hotels and resort. It is common perception that hotels and resort charge expensively   and have lot of hidden charges but most of them fail to deliver the value for money spent. The customer doesn’t trust the wolves (hotel) and when he finally gives in to his fatigue, he gets unexpected, friendly and customized treatment from the stranger who are the wolves; Shangri-La staffs. Cultural Impacts In recent years, change and adaptation seem to be the norm for society all around the world. Adaptation to sub-cultures is not always the easiest. Habits and culture change are more often than not the hardest to accept. In this case,   the advertisement emcompasses that entirely. With the man lost in a foreign environment, looking desperately for a place to rest. Unable to familiarize himself to his surroundings, he succumbs to settling down in the cold winter snow. Unexpectedly, Shangri-La, depict as the wolves, show up to comfort the stranger. After which, the tagline, â€Å"To embrace a stranger as one’s own, it’s in our nature† is shown. Hence, audiences are able to gather that no matter where you are across the globe, in a foreign environment, Shangri-La will take you in not as a guest but a kin. Creating a ‘home away from home’. Mass Media Theories There are four main theories that are formulated into the advertisement, namely the cumulative effects theory, attitude effects theory, behavioural effects theory. Cumulative Effects Theory It is necessary for an ad to be repeated several times before an individual consumer attends to and processes the message. This need for repetition is the cumulative effect of actual exposure to the message. Message quality is a critical factor in determining whether communication has any effect. The placing of the Shangri-La ad in cinemas before movie screenings and on YouTube allows for this necessary repetitive exposure. The cognitive and affective responses to the ad (e. g, attention, recall, attitude) initially hikes with increasing repetition over time. By placing it in cinemas over a stretched period of time, movie-goers are more exposed to the ads as it is highly unlikely for them to intentionally avoid it. The placement of it on YouTube before certain videos also ensures that viewers are unable to avert the intrusiveness of the ad. With the behavior attitude effects that derive from the Shangri-La ad, the cumulative effects are elevated. Behavior Effects As Shangri-La has already been established as mature in its industry, one of this commercials purpose is to influence its viewers with social appeal. The motivation that leads a consumer towards selecting Shangri-La usually involves actively seeking to satisfy the need of luxurious accommodation. In relation to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the ad satisfies the psychological, safety and self-esteem needs of consumers. By reminding travelers that Shangri-La will care for travelers as their own, this ad keeps the consumer feeling a sense of safety, which is an important concern in every traveler’s mind. At the same time, while actively motivating them to pursue luxury accommodation, the ad is feeding their self-esteem need of knowing they are capable of affording premium accommodations while traveling, setting them apart from markets that cannot afford so. It is vital for a ad to communicate possible benefits to a consumer as by doing so, they appear more credible and are more able to influence the consumer’s behaviour and choices. Another factor that affects the consumer behaviour in this ad is the subliminal messages it sends. The subliminal message of this ad was intended to cause viewers to think of Shangri-La as the ideal choice while traveling. After a mind picks up a subliminal message, the subconscious mind will tell a person to obey the message the next time he sees something that relates to it. A consumer that has watched the ad will tend to be reminded of Shangri-La when he travels, creating a lasting retention in their minds. Attitude Effects Attitude is a central focus in the fields of advertising and consumer behaviour. Much of research has shown that consumers brand-related beliefs affect brand attitude formation (e. g. , Mitchell Olson 1981) and change. In addition, recent evidence suggests that consumers brand attitudes may be affected by consumers attitudes towards the advertisement themselves. For ad-evoked feelings to become directly associated with a brand, associative mechanisms have to be present. This result could be an effect on the brand attitude or brand choice or both. The Shangri-La ad is an emotional commercial without much information content but evokes thinking and cognitive activity. The feelings of fear, being taken care of and eventually safety that the audience experiences while being exposed to the Shangri-La ad, over time and with multiple exposures, become associated with the Shangri-La hotel. These associated feelings can also change the symbolic meaning that consumers associate with Shangri-La, as it is now seen as not just a hospitality provider but also a part of travelers’ warm experiences. The association of such feelings with the brand leads to Shangri-Las brand imagery and personality, which leads to consumers developing a more positive attitude towards it. This association also directly affects the attitude and buying behaviour that travelers have toward the brand. Conclusion In a nutshell, the advertisement has proven to be a huge success. Having incorporated the use of mass media theories seamlessly into the ad itself was tantamount to having half the battle won. The final pieces of the jigsaw was fitted when Shangri-La went spot on with their intended target audience as well as excellent placement for their ads. Suffice to say, the burgeoning reputation of Shangri-La has allowed the versatility in their advertisements. It is noticeable that throughout the ad, there is not any one time that Shangri-La had to showcase their facilities or services they provide simply because the masses have already instilled in their minds that the company is in a distinguished class of its own. This unconventional way of driving a particular message across to viewers instead of the typical flaunting and showcasing of products and services brings about something fresh to the advertising scene enables them to take a bigger leap forward in drilling the intended message across to the audience.

The Causes And Effects Of Child Abuse

The Causes And Effects Of Child Abuse In a civilized society one would expect the occurrence of child abuse to be nearly non-existent, however the statistics do not support this belief. This paper defined what child abuse is .It also revised the short term and long-term effects of this abuse and the resulting mental, physical and societal issues that arise from early abuse and continue on throughout their childhood. It will bring up the statistical information showing the continued abuse against a child. It is hoped that this research enlighten readers on pertinent facts and information on the causes and effects of this cruel act. The term child abuse covers a wide range of behavior, from actual physical assault to simple neglect of a childs basic needs. Child abuse is also sometimes called child maltreatment. Infants and preschool children are most likely to suffer deliberately inflicted fractures, burns, and bruises. This is known as the battered-child syndrome. Although the extent of child abuse is difficult to measure, it is recognized as a major social problem, especially in industrialized nations. It occurs in all income, racial, religious, and ethnic groups and in urban and rural communities. Studies have shown that most parents who abuse their children were once abused as a child (Funk Wagnalls, 2006). Eight percent of all children abused are emotionally maltreated. Sixteen percent are sexually abused. Twenty-seven percent are physically abused. Fifty-five percent of all children abused are neglected (Child Abuse, 1994).Any type of Child Abuse, carried out for a long period of time, may cause long-term mental damage. Although there are many formal and acceptable definitions of child abuse, the following is offered as a guide for information on child abuse and neglect. Child abuse is the act or series of acts that is described in commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver and results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to child. Most child abuse happens in childs home, with a smaller amount occurring in the organizations, schools or communities they interact with. Abuse of a child is anything that causes inj ury or puts the child in danger of physical injury. Child abuse can be physical, sexual, or emotional. Neglect happens when a parent or responsible caretaker fails to provide adequate supervision, food, clothing, shelter or other basics for a child. Child abuse is any action or lack of which endangers or impairs a childs physical, mental or emotional health and development. As it will be shown in the following presentation .There are many causes of child abuse as well as effects. The most prominent one among the causes is mental illness, as well as psychological problems. The tendency is that people who are not in their right minds, could easily do harm to children, whether intentional or not. Effect of child abuse can be manifested in poor social skills, depression, difficulty in building up relationships in people, low self image, eating disorders, as well as physical disabilities. Child abuse could also lower the self worth of the child who experienced it. Regardless of the type of abuse, if not stopped and having the resultant social and psychological issues dealt with as quickly as possible may result in the vicious cycle of abuse where the abused goes out on their own and then becomes the abuser. Despite all good intentions this cycle of violence can and does occur because it is the only way that an untreated abused individual knows how to deal with stressors in a relationship. In 2007, the United States reported, among all 50 states, 753,357 cases of child mistreatment which is a ratio of 1 out of every 100 children have been reported as being abused in some fashion throughout the year. This abuse ranged from 59% being neglected, 11% being physically abused, and 7.5% sexually abused 4.2% having emotional abuse, and less than 1% being medically mistreated. Of these cases, the abuse was near evenly split between boys and girls, and 79% of the abuse occurred in those under the age of 11, with the most prominent being under the age of 4 (Child Maltreatment, 2007). Statistics are more readily reported within the United States than they are elsewhere throughout the world. However, available data from (World Health Organization [WHO], 2001) shows a global epidemic which is evidenced by: Almost 53,000 children died worldwide in 2002 as a result of homicide Up to 80 to 98% of children suffer physical punishment in their homes, with a third or more experiencing severe physical punishment resulting from the use of implements. 150 million girls and 73 million boys under 18 experienced forced sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual violence during 2002. Between 100 and 140 million girls and women in the world have undergone some form of female genital mutilation/cutting. In sub-Saharan Africa, Egypt and the Sudan, 3 million girls and women are subjected to genital mutilation/cutting every year. Worldwide, approximately 40 million children are subjected to child abuse each year UNICEF estimates that two million children died as a result of armed conflict during a recent 10-year period and that another six million were injured or disabled (Human Right Watch, 2001). Each year, approximately one million more children around the world are introduced into commercial sexual exploitation (Casa Alianza, 2001). Sexual abuse statistics vary between countries and reports, but are consistently alarming: One countrys research indicates that up to 36% of girls and 29% of boys have suffered child sexual abuse; another study reveals up to 46% of girls and 20% of boys have experienced sexual coercion (The 57th session of the UN Commission on Human Rights). We have explored the statistical occurrence of child abuse; next will be the causes that drive one to actually abuse a child. Though all of the causes of child abuse are not known, a significant amount of research points to several factors that put children at risk for abuse. There are many reasons why some people have difficulty meeting the demands of parenthood, including: Immaturity and unrealistic expectations Unmet emotional needs The stresses of child care Economic crisis Domestic violence Lack of parenting knowledge Difficulty in relationships Depression or other mental health problems Drug or alcohol problems Family history of abuse In most case that involve child abuse, the most common reoccurring factors are having a family history of abuse, mental health problems which inhibit proper abilities to cope with different situations and majority of the case involve some type of drug or alcohol use or abuse prior to the incident. In a more disturbing trend, that of child on child abuse, which is defined as a child at least 2 years of age older than the victim has been linked to after effects of a child being abused. This is to say that the abuser is abusing another child because that is what happened to them so they think it is okay or normal since they are mimicking the actions of their abusers. This last point shows why for the most part child abuse and other forms of violence is learned behavior. In new studies they are attempting to show the link in mental development being slowed in those that receive abuse at an early age, compared to those that did not receive abuse. one recent study on a group of monkeys showed that those babies that received mild abuse as an infant grew to later have deficiency of serotonin, the chemical known as the pleasure center of the brain, and as adults, those levels would rise to normal when they would abuse others. With these actions, being learned or brought about due to family, mental, emotional or addiction disorders the course of action is through prevention. The term prevention is typically used to represent activities that stop an action or behavior. It can also be used to represent activities that promote a positive action or behavior. Research has found that successful child abuse interventions must both reduce risk factors and promote protective factors to ensure the well-being of children and families. Protective factors are conditions in families and communities that, when present, increase the health and well-being of children and families. They are attributes that serve as buffers, helping parents who might otherwise be at risk of abusing their children to find resources, supports, or coping strategies that allow them to parent effectively, even under stress. The impact of child maltreatment can be profound. Research shows that child maltreatment is associated with adverse health a nd mental health outcomes in children and families, and those negative effects can last a lifetime. In addition to the impact on the child, child abuse and neglect affect various systems including physical and mental health, law enforcement, judicial and public social services, and nonprofit agencies as they respond to the incident and support the victims. One analysis of the immediate and long-term economic impact of child abuse and neglect suggests that child maltreatment costs the nation as much as $258 million each day, or approximately $94 billion each year (Child Welfare Information Gateway, n.d). Protective factors are conditions in families and communities that, when present, increase the health and well-being of children and families. These attributes serve as buffers, helping parents to find resources, supports, or coping strategies that allow them to parent effectively, even under stress. Research has shown that the following protective factors are linked to a lower incidence of child abuse and neglect. Nurturing and attachment A childs early experience of being nurtured and developing a bond with a caring adult affects all aspects of behavior and development. When parents and children have strong, warm feelings for one another, children develop trust that their parents will provide what they need to thrive, including love, acceptance, positive guidance, and protection. Research shows that babies who receive affection and nurturing from their parents have the best chance of healthy development. A childs relationship with a consistent, caring adult in the early years is associated later in life with better academic grades, healthier behaviors, more positive peer interactions, and an increased ability to cope with stress. Knowledge of parenting and of child and youth development There is extensive research linking healthy child development to effective parenting. Children thrive when parents provide not only affection, but also respectful communication and listening, consistent rules and expectations, and safe opportunities that promote independence. Successful parenting fosters psychological adjustment, helps children succeed in school, encourages curiosity about the world, and motivates children to achieve. Parental resilience Parents, who can cope with the stresses of everyday life, as well an occasional crisis, have resilience; they have the flexibility and inner strength necessary to bounce back when things are not going well. Multiple life stressors, such as a family history of abuse or neglect, health problems, marital conflict, or domestic or community violence-and financial stressors such as unemployment, poverty, and homelessness-may reduce a parents capacity to cope effectively with the typical day-to-day stresses of raising children. Social connections Parents with a social network of emotionally supportive friends, family, and neighbors often find that it is easier to care for their children and themselves. Most parents need people they can call on once in a while when they need a sympathetic listener, advice, or concrete support. Research has shown that parents, who are isolated, with few social connections, are at higher risk for child abuse and neglect. Concrete supports for parents Many factors affect a familys ability to care for their children. Families who can meet their own basic needs for food, clothing, housing, and transportation-and who know how to access essential services such as childcare, health care, and mental health services to address family-specific needs-are better able to ensure the safety and well-being of their children. Partnering with parents to identify and access resources in the community may help prevent the stress that sometimes precipitates child maltreatment. Providing concrete supports may also help prevent the unintended neglect that sometimes occurs when parents are unable to provide for their children. All of these factors along with many others can help decrease the occurrence of child abuse, but for any of it to work the cycle of violence must stop within the home before any child may have any hope for an abuse free society. Child abuse is a topic that has many aspects and issues to discus. There are many causes for this problem that lead to adverse effects on the child and community. Treating this phenomenon needs major governmental, financial, educational, health care givers and social support and awareness. Also strict roles and disciplinary actions should be applied through the governments in order to control this problem. In my point of view the earlier abused children get help, the greater chance they have to heal from their abuse and not perpetuate the cycle. The Causes and Effects of Child Abuse The Causes and Effects of Child Abuse Day by day the safety and well being of some children across the nation are threatened by child abuse and neglect. Child abuse is doing harm to child intentionaly or not provides the essential needs for the child. Abuse child can be in physical, emotional, sexual in form or neglect. Each form has its different characteristics. Causes of child abuse can be parents causes, ecological causes or child problems. Parents causes involves parent who have background of emotional deprivation, unaware of difference between discipline and abuse, and isolated from the community. Teenage or single parent also can harm their children because they lack experience in raising children. Ecological causes which are related the environment surround the child. For example, poverty, overcrowding, substance abuse, and problems in marriage. Child causes include child disability and requirement of special needs. Child abuse has great impact on childs life, damaging a childà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s s elf esteem, ability to have healthy relationships, and ability to function at home, at work and at school. The Causes and Effects of Child Abuse Child abuse is one of the major issues that bring the attention of entire nation. Several organizations formed because it is not just an individual or familial problem. It takes different forms, physical or psychological maltreatment of children. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define child abuse as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (http://www.cdc.gov/violanceprevention/pdf/CM-FactSheet-a.pdf) The Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) define child abuse and neglect as any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker who result in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation (What is Child Abuse and Neglect, 2008, para.2). Every year millions of children suffer from different type of child abuse. Most child abuse results from attempt to punish or control the child. Parents try to punish their children when they are doing something wrong and to avoid spoiling the child, but these attempts will increase to produce physical harm to the child. Therefore we have to distinguish between physical discipline and physical abuse. The most common way to distinguish physical punishment from abuse is by the presence or absence of physical injury. It is important to recognize that most parents do not want to beat their children. Virtually all parents feel regret after such an incident and most believe physical punishment is not an effective route to increase compliance, learning or respect for the parent (Durrant, 1996, p.186). In 2001, an estimated 3 million children were reported to state Child Protective Service (CPS) agencies as suspected victim of abuse and neglect. One million children were confirmed victim of maltreatment (physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, medical neglect, psychological abuse, other abuses), with another 4 million involved in referrals to Child Protective Services (National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information, 2003a;2003b). Three fourths of the perpetrators were caregivers, and an additional one tenth were relatives. However, only about one half of the child abuse and neglect report are investigated nationally, and on average only about one-third of the investigation find evidence of child abuse and neglect (Potts Mandleco, 2007, p 1208). Some people believe that the child abused by stringers only, but the truth that the child can be abused by parent, a friend of parent, neighbourhood, or even a family member. This essay paper on the causes and effects of child abuse will include types of child abuse and clinical manifestation can be seen in each type, causes and effects of child abuse. There are four forms of child abuse that is neglect, physical abuse, emotional abuse and sexual abuse. The most common form of child abuse is neglect. According to Longman dictionary neglect is pay insufficient attention to, or ignore . It means parents or caregivers fail to provide the important needs for their children. Neglecting the child can be noticed if the child lacks of hygiene, dresses clothes which is dirty, old, and inappropriate for age and weather, frequently absents from school, always sick and no medical assistance provided, malnourished and isolated from others. These signs of neglect are mostly observed by people who are always with close contact to child like the teacher, doctors, nurses and neighbours. They are frequently the ones who notice, suspect and report child neglect. Neglect has three forms which are physical neglect, emotional neglect and educational neglect. Physical neglect is the most abuse noticed among children. Physical neglect can be seen in many ways for example if the parent not provides supervision, repeat shuttling of child from one household to another for a day or week at a time, not providing adequate food for their children, clothes, house, not seeking medical care for a serious health problem or not giving the child his treatment. Emotional neglect includes inattention to childs need of affection and emotional support, expose child to extreme spousal abuse, permitting the child to use drugs and drink alcohol, refuse of medical assistance for child with psychological problems and applying high expectation that is inappropriate for childs age and level of development. Educational neglect can be if the parent refuses to enrol the child in school, failure to provide the essential learning needs and allow frequent absence from school. The second type of child abuse is physical abuse which is the most clear and has a huge physical effect on the child. Physical abuse should always be suspected when there is an injury that cannot be explained, or when the history provided is incongruous with the physical findings or the childs developmental level. Suspicion should also be aroused when the caregiver claims the injury was self-inflected, inflected by a sibling or when there is a delay in seeking medical services (Potts Mandleco,2007, p 1211). There are certain clinical manifestations can be observed in children who are abused physically which is unexplained bruises or welts that appear in various stages of healing often in clustered patterns that reflect the shapes of the articles used to inflict injury, unexplained burns especially on the soles, palms, back, or doughnut-shaped (on buttocks or genitals), unexplained fractures to the skull, nose, or facial structure; multiple or spiral fracture; or dislocations and num erous fracture in various stages of healing and bald patches on the scalp (Ashwill Droske, 1997, p 1287). A third type of child abuse is emotional abuse. Among all different child abuse, emotional abuse is the hardest type to identify. According to American Humane, Emotional abuse of a child is commonly defined as a pattern of behaviour by parents or caregivers that can seriously interfere with a childs cognitive, emotional, psychological, or social development (http://www.americanhumane.org/aboutus/newsroom/fact-sheets/emotional-abuse.html). Emotional abuse occur when parents ignoring and humiliating the child, isolating the child from the family, verbally assaulting the child, threatening the child, rejecting childs value and request, putting higher expectation on the child and exposing the child to family or community violence. The clinical manifestations which can be observed on a child who is emotionally abused are speech problems, lags in physical development, failure to thrive and hyperactive or disruptive behaviour. The last type of child abuse is sexual abuse which is the least frequently reported of child abuse. According to (Potts Mandleco,2007) Sexual abuse is defined as exploitive sexual act(s) imposed on a child who lacks the emotional, cognitive, or maturational development to deal with the actions (Giardino, Brown, Giardino, 2003). Sexual abuse can be in different ways which are pressuring the child to engage in sexual activities, exposing the child genitals, sexual contact with the child, incident exposure of genitals to a child, and physical contact to child genitals. Everybody believes that the girls are more often abused sexually, but the fact that both girls and boys are sexually abused. Studies have shown those sexual abuse victims are usually between 6 and 9 years of age. Ashwill made it clear that children will show some physical signs such as difficulty walking or sitting, torn, stained or bloody underclothing, pain, swelling or itching of genitals, pain on urination, bruises, bleeding or lacerations involving the external genitalia, vagina, or anal area and excessive masturbation (Ashwill Droske, 1997, p 1289). Understanding causes of child abuse is important to address the problem in order to prevent it. Specialists and experts who evaluated a bused childs environment and family background have come out with three causes for child abuse which are parental causes, ecological causes and child problems. Parental causes include parents who are very young and lack of experience of taking care for children are more likely to neglect childs need. For example; teenage parent or single parent never learned the skills necessary for good parenting. Although, parents who suffer many problems and they cannot control their anger which will inflict their children by abusing them physically. On the other hand, parents who were abused when they were children are more likely to abuse their own children too. It is like cycle of violence and abuse. Also, some parents raise their children same the way as they rose even if parents were abused. Some parents not differentiate discipline from abuse which lead to p hysically abuse their children in order to teach them the right things. Parents who physically abuse their spouses can also abuse their children. At same time, parents who suffer from mental disorder, anxiety or depression cannot take right decision for themselves, either for their children. Ecological causes involve abusing drug and alcohol by parents. Parents who are drunk they cannot think properly for the needs of their children. Also they are unrealistic in their behavior which can lead to abuse their children without even feeling that they are doing so. Some studies show that poverty play major role in abusing children. As the parents face financial difficulties, they cannot provide childs need. Also, those parents usually isolated and lack of social support. On the other hand, if couple have problem in their marriage that may inflict their children emotionally. Some parents are aware they are mistreating a child but are unable to stop. Other abusive parents literally hate children or are disgusted by them. The childs need, sloppiness, crying, or dirty diapers are unbearable to the parent. Abusive mothers tend to believe their children are intentionally annoying them. In many cases, troubled parents expect the child to love them and make them happy. When the child cannot meet such unrealistic demands, the parent react with lethal angry. Such parents are more likely to physically abuse their children (Coon, 2004, p 154). Child problems include handicapped children. Caring of child with special needs is difficult and need family and community support. Some parents ignore the needs for the child which lead to abusing childs rights. All types of child abuse regardless the causes; affect the child by some way. The effects of child abuse vary depending on the type of child abuse. Some of these effects are physical and other are emotional or psychological. Studies show that sexual and emotional abuse has the major impact on child. Effects can be classified to short term effects and long term effects. Short term effects can easily detect and the signs of abusing show in short period. For example; wound, burns or fracture that occur after physical abuse, which healed after seeking medical treatment. Child will show some sexual behaviors include sexual play with dolls. Child will be aggressive, fear of parents, fear to go home, and isolated from public. Child will fight to other student in class. Child may have difficulty in speech and cannot express feelings. Child who has been abused by his parent will not trust them to provide physical and emotional needs, which eventually lead to lack of trust to other people in the community. Long term effects are signs that difficult to detect at beginning of abusing incidents and will progress with the developmental process of the child which lead it to occur after long time. Almost it will occur in adult age if child did not seek medical assistance. For example; the adult will have difficulty to establish normal relationships with other. Adult survive from child abuse, can have unexplained signs of fear, anxiety and depression. Adult survivor of sexual abuse can abuse other children which is the cycle of abusing. Also the adult may suffer from sexual transmitted disease. The adult will have difficulty to express feeling, and may turn to substance abuse (alcohol or drugs). The adult may attempt to suicide. To sum up, child abuse is worldwide problem affecting children from birth to 18 years of age. There are different types for child abuse which is neglect, emotional abuse, physical abuse, and sexual abuse. There are three main causes for child abuse which is parent causes, ecological causes, and child problems. Based on causes many effects can be observed on the child which affect child emotionally, physically and social development. In my opinion detecting the early signs of abuse will end further harm to child, better chance for recovery, and appropriate treatment will be provided for the child. Since the family is the core of love and care for the child, it is important to bring their attention and highlight the causes and effects of child abuse, so they can play significant role in stopping the matter. Therefore, proper awareness of the community plays an important role in preventing this problem from going further.