International Human Resource Management free essay sample

Discuss and analysis the impact of Chinese culture and traditions upon adopted human resource management and strategic human resource management in multinational companies. ?Analysis the external factors that shape human resource activities will be social, economic, political and legal. 1. 2 Introduce the international human resource management The 80% of the world’s industrial output are produced by the 1000 largest companies in the world. That point out that the world is becoming more international. In all of the international companies international human resource management is a key to get success.The international human resource management (IHRM) is the way in which international organizations manage their human resource across different national contexts. These international organizations’ human resource manger must address on the culture and external factors. For example the HR manger must find out the way can make HRM is conducted in other countries—the laws, culture, labour market and so on. China is developing very rapid, owing to the rapid growth of internationalization of Chinese, more and more multinational enterprises (MNEs) have put interest in IHRM. We will write a custom essay sample on International Human Resource Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Chapter 2 the impact of national culture As we all know, different countries have different cultures. Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another. (Hofstede, 1991) In all of the international organizations or multinational enterprises (MNEs) and many small medium-size enterprises (SMEs) are inevitable that the cultural difference has impact on business. For example, when a company having meeting, the word ‘table’ in American English it means to put something on the agenda.But in British English it means to put something off the agenda. This example indicated how the culture affects the business. Chinese culture has much different from the west countries. For example the language, architecture, relationship to environment and so on. 2. 1 What is culture? [1] Hodgetts and Luthans (1994) argue that culture is: acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and to generate social behavior. This knowledge form values, creates attitudes and influences behaviour. They further suggest that culture can be characterized using the following terms. ?Learned.Culture is acquired by us all as we grow and as we experience, it is acquired through the process of socialization. ?Shared. Culture is a group phenomenon and the group varies. For example, it may be members of a nation, an organization or a sex. ?Transgenerational. It is passed down from one generation to the next. ?Patterned and structured. ?Adaptive. It changes over time and in response to many stimulate. 1 Mike Leat, Human Resource Management Issues of the European Union, 1998, P4 From Hodgetts and Luthans said we know that culture can be characterized using the following figure:Figure 1 Module of Organizational culture 2. 2 National culture The most influential pieces of research in relation to national culture are the work of Hofstede. There are four cultural dimensions that were defined in Hifstede’s research: ? Power distance ?Uncertainty avoidance ?Individualism v collectivism ?Masculinity v femininity The writer will use Higsted’s research to analysis Chinese culture and enable a clearer view in how the cultures affect the IHRM in China. Power distance I think the power distance is the most important influence in cultural.The power distance is the distance between a manager and employee. In another word the power distance is how much employee can consent or dissent with bosses or managers. A high power distance indicates that the employee is likely to expect and accept inequality in this power distribution. Like in China the power distance is a high power distance culture. In China the managers or boss always have more privileges to make the decision and superiors. The managers’ decisions always close supervision positively evaluated by employee.

Classic English Literature Essay An Absolute Guide to a Profound Paper

Classic English Literature Essay An Absolute Guide to a Profound Paper You might be a literature lover and can tell apart Proust’s writing style from Woolf’s just by reading a single sentence. Or perhaps you’re not into reading and have no idea who are the people mentioned above. Sooner or later, you will be faced with a literature essay assignment and, then, you will definitely regret not bookmarking our ultimate guide on writing a classic English literature essay. So, don’t waste this opportunity – save our article as we’re going to tell you loads of interesting tips. But, first, let’s find out what the classic English literature essay is, and why you have to write it in the first place. This is an academic assignment where you must explore a certain literary work (or its part) through analyzing and presenting the results in a writing form. The purpose of this essay is to make you get to the bottom of a certain literary topic as by reflecting and expressing your thoughts on paper, you understand the subject-matter better and discover points you would never come across by only reading. And for a professor/supervisor it’s a great way to check your critical thinking skills as well as figure out whether you got the literary work right. 8 Elements of a Stellar English Literature Essay As you’ve already understood, this is a very important academic assignment both for you and for your advisor. That’s why it is essential to know how a good literature essay should look like, or, to be more precise, which significant elements it must contain. Thus, before starting all the preparations, you’ll have a clear idea of which direction you should follow. So, the main components of a stellar literary essay are: Excellent English: demonstrate your best command of language and spend as much time as you need to polish your work before submission – your level of English is the first thing your professor will assess. Relevance: who would like to read the description of main characters when your topic clearly states that you need to examine author’s writing techniques? Arguments supported by proofs: if you want to state a point, don’t forget to back it up with a quote or scene from the work you’re analyzing. Without clear evidence, your essay will be just some filler text without any value for the reader. Precise illustration: don’t get carried away with quotes or abstracts from the original text – your evaluator will appreciate curt but bright illustrations of the stated points without too much ranting. Appropriate background material: if you mention specific researches or use specialized terms, be sure that they are relevant to your essay. Don’t talk about Pavlov’s dog when your task requires you to analyze â€Å"The Hound of the Baskervilles†. Independent speculation: in your essay you should express your own thoughts, not the interpretations or assumptions of some literary critics – make sure you fill your writing with your original views with adequate conclusions. Concise expression: it is important to stay within the minimum as well as maximum word limit because you need to learn to convey complete thoughts using a considerate number of words. Precise citation: cite the sources when you use someone’s words, research findings or numbers in your essay; otherwise, your work will be considered plagiarized and not credited in a best case scenario (you don’t want to know what can happen in the worst one). All these elements are mentioned before giving any specific writing tips because it’s important for you to know what level of essay writing you have to reach. Now, if you keep these criteria in mind while doing the task, there will be less editions and remarks from your professors. Different Types of Topics You Need to Consider It’s not that difficult to find a literary work that you would like to write about because each of us has a favorite novel, short story or poem. The difficulty comes when you need to formulate the topic as it has to be broad enough to be covered in an essay, and, at the same time narrow enough to uncover the subject-matter within the given word limit. That’s why instead of providing you with topic samples, we’ve prepared a list of points instead – you can focus on one of them using any story or verse, and that makes them universal helpers when you need to craft a title for your academic assignment. What to Analyze in Prose So, when it comes to prose, you might want to concentrate on: Theme: this is the main idea of a literary work that you come across through the whole text. E.g. friendship, injustice in the world, poverty in the developing countries, war, etc. Characters: the personalities made up by the writer’s imagination can also make a good topic for an essay, especially if you consider them in terms of antagonists, protagonists, dynamic/static characters, etc. Plot: how does the author organize the story? Does he keep the reader in suspense? Does he provide you with any suggestions of what happens next? Analyze how the writer delivers the account of events in your paper. Setting: you can always dwell upon the location where the story takes place, and we mean not only its description, but also the symbolic meaning and how it influences the plot. Points of view: you might be interested to cover the angle of who tells the story and how it impacts the line of narration. Is it a separate narrator? Is it the participant of the action? Or maybe it’s an omnipresent teller? Language: the choice of words is a very interesting topic to research, especially in your favorite book. Consider whether there is a specific style of a writer and how it can be described. What to Analyze in Poetry Of course, you may use all these points to examine poetry as well, but there are additional angles you might want to pay your attention to: Stylistic literary devices: find and identify which figures of speech the author uses to intensify the effect of his poetry. Rhythm meter: these are different ways of how a poem or verse can be organized – how the accents and stresses are placed, how stressed syllables alter the unstressed ones, etc. Rhyme: There are many types of rhymes you may identify: end, internal, rich, partial or identical ones. Analyze them in your essay to better understand the structure. Symbolism: do the words used in the poetry really imply what their meanings are in the dictionary? Symbolism is very developed in poems and verses, so use the opportunity to research it well. This is quite a range to choose from, so whenever you feel stuck while coming up with a good topic for a literature essay, have a look at our list, and you will have the right idea for your writing. Pre-Writing Stage: Clustering, Freewriting or Listing? After you make up your mind regarding the topic, you need a kind of plan to make your writing smoother and quicker. Without planning and outlining, you might get off the beaten track and write about things not concerning your subject matter, and as you remember, relevance is of one of the elements of a stellar English literature essay. So, in order to get the idea what exactly you will put inside your paper, you need to brainstorm, and there are 3 decent ways to conduct this interesting activity. 1. Clustering This is a great technique for visual thinkers – take a piece of paper, draw a circle in the center and write there your topic. Then, draw a round of circles near the main subject and note your first associations and thoughts when you reflect over it. Each of the point that you will write down will also have offsets. This way you will include all the ideas on one sheet of paper and, then, will have a chance to filter them. 2. Freewriting This method unleashes all your speculation, and that’s super cool, especially when you need to consider the topic from different angles. Just imagine that you are going to write about Holden Caulfield (Catcher in the Rye) and spill everything in a flow of text. Don’t worry about spelling or punctuation. The main point here is in revealing everything you have on this topic. 3. Listing This is the easiest way to get down all your ideas on paper because you don’t need to draw anything or form whole sentences. Just list all those phrases or words that come to your mind when you think about the topic, and sort them out after that to leave only the most valuable concepts. Choose the most suitable brainstorming method for yourself and gather your ideas for the upcoming writing. And, in the meanwhile, we will tell you a few things about a perfect English literature essay structure. How to Create a Functionally Structured Literature Essay As any academic paper, a literature essay must have introduction, main body and conclusion. But to understand the internal difference, we’ll need look into each part separately and in detail. Introduction Here you might want to grab your reader’s attention, and, although your professors are not regular readers (and even if they are not hooked from the very beginning) they will still finish your essay because that’s their job. But with a great attention grabber you have all the chances to create a positive impression and eventually get a good mark. So, writing an essay on literary work, you may start with: Big idea everybody can agree/disagree with; Intriguing quote from the book; Unexpected statement (e.g. in the end everybody dies); Question; Addressing your professor personally. These triggers will make the reader follow the thread, and after having their attention you need to specify the author and his/her work as well as you main focus of study in a well-crafted thesis statement. Main Body Each paragraph in an English literature essay should have a certain structure that consist of 3 main elements: Point – you provide a statement that you want to prove (here it plays the role of a topic sentence). Evidence – you include a reference or quote from the text that proves or supports your statement. Explanation – you comment on how the example from the work proves you right: you concentrate on the importance of separate words, propose another interpretation or try to connect your point with the whole text. This scheme is often called the PEE structure and is widely used in academic literature writing. It helps to provide the reader with supported and valuable statements as well as generate a valuable essay. Conclusion In the last part of your literature essay you should first restate your thesis from the introduction. You can paraphrase it and add some details, but the essence should stay the same. After that, you need to sum up all your points briefly. In the end it is significant to emphasize why these points are essential and what value they bear. 10 Questions to Answer after You Finish Your Essay When you are at the final stage of completing your writing assignment, you need to make sure that your paper has achieved its purpose and really complied with the task you set for yourself. In order to check it, try to answer these questions: Have I determined the main terms I need to consider in my introduction? Have I presented the most important points in my main body? Are my arguments developed logically? Have I provided enough evidence to prove my points? Have I listed all the sources I used in my essay? Is my conclusion connected with the thesis statement and my topic? Is my essay easy to read? Are there any vague statements that may confuse the reader? Are there any grammar or spelling errors? Have I complied with the word limit? It is obvious that to answer these questions you will need to spend some more time editing and proofreading, but they will put you in the right direction. Take your time to polish your English literature essay writing and present your work to your professor in the best light. Good luck! Extra Tips from Our Service: 7 Interesting Essay Topics about English Literature Dwell on character’s transformation and decide whether the change is symbolic or realistic. Make a list about the most outstanding writers in the 20th century. Why did you choose them? Analyze the effect of the new technologies onto the writing habits. Choose a novel and discuss a symbol that suggests a wide range of associations that are well beyond the symbol itself. Choose two novels and discuss a similar issue raised in them (for example, the role of children’s courage in Little Women and Treasure Island. Analyze the literature of the 20th century and show how it both draws upon and departs from the traditional writing. Consider the significance of books for the development of a personality.

Effective Tips On Writing Anthropology Essays

Effective Tips On Writing Anthropology Essays Anthropology Essay: Writing an â€Å"A† Grade Essay Many students see this type of essay as hard to tackle. The tips we provide will ensure that you construct a top class anthropology essay and improve your writing skills. There exist different peculiarities at different levels depending on the type of anthropology essay you are handling. All these are discussed below. The first order in writing an anthropology essay is choosing a topic that you are conversant with. A wide range of research is prudent in enabling you to come up with an essay that will guarantee you high-quality grades Introductory work And Overall Advice on Writing It is important to read through your assignment several times in order to grasp the content and understand what is required of you. If you do not understand specific parts, it is advisable to consult your instructor. This will avoid chances of redoing your work since you embarked on research that is out of the theme required. Ensure that you read all sections of your assignment, to reduce chances of missing vital instructions and details. If you go off your topic be assured that your grades will be below average. Pay attention to critical instructions that guide your essay. When you are required to comment on an issue, you should know that description is not enough. Where you are required to do an analysis, utilize the right tools for analysis where required. Do not deviate away from the format required. This should be done at the start of your work to prevent time wastage where you have to reformat your whole work. Plagiarism is a huge issue that might end upgrading your work below the average requirement. Make sure your work is original. The uniqueness of your anthropology assignment relies greatly on providing citations for academic resources and providing a clear outline of the bibliography section. To ensure that all information that has been sourced has been well cited and are in line with the format guidelines. All sources you use should be credible. Common sources include books, journal articles, and statistical sources. Free encyclopedia articles, Wikipedia, forums, and blogs are some of the sources that cannot be utilized. It is advisable to use quotes from your sources since they add value and credibility to an argument posed. However, remember that research is the utmost important aspect of writing your paper. The more the presence of unique ideas there is on your work, the greater the authenticity of your work. Do not forget to give your opinion concerning the topic to allow the reader to understand where you stand and the perspective that influences this. Also concerning quotes, make sure you consult the instructor about using them. If no instructions are offered, ensure the amount of both direct and indirect quotes used do not exceed 30% of the total text. Revision is one of the most vital parts of your anthropology research essay. Revising a paper constitutes of two levels; the surface-level of revision, and the in-depth level of revision. The surface-level revision includes editing and proofreading your work, which corrects grammar and spelling errors, typos and styles used to create your document. The in-depth revision is associated with the arrangement of the text content to meet the requirements of the writing. It is quite unfortunate that most of the student do not take time to do the revision of their work. Ensure that you perform a thorough revision of your anthropology essay at both levels to guarantee success in your work. Crafting a Successful Anthropology Essay Paper Target audience: Wouldn’t you find it easier if the work you were handling was the same as that you did in high school, only addressing members of your class and the teacher? When writing an anthropology essay paper, getting good grades might be your ultimate aim. But do not forget that chances are a huge number of people are bound to read your paper in the long run. You are required to select both the style and vocabulary you will utilize to address your target audience. Addressing different views of people who might read your work, your fellow students will definitely understand your work without any difficulties. As a method of ensuring your anthropology essay work is perfectly done, you should check on the availability and description of the following areas: A well-written introduction of your paper, which includes the thesis statement and the hook. Works cited Well put evidence of each point, comprised of strong arguments to support your work Explanation of the relevance of your topic A credible explanation of each concept you use that concerns the topic A well-written conclusion which gives firm credibility, relevance, and assurance to your readers Remember not to overlook an issue that needs to be addressed. This lowers your potential grade. Structuring the Thesis: The first step involves writing down your outline. This is a very important part as it helps you structure your anthropology essay paper. The thesis statement is the main idea that you are to provide points and argue about in your paper. You might also define it as a focused topic for discussion presented from your perspective. Your thesis statement must be straight forward and brief, and use at most a single sentence to express it despite the length of your anthropology essay paper. Body paragraphs: the beginning of each body paragraph should start with the topic sentence. When creating your outline, you should write them down as they help create a direction for your argument. The arrangement of your essay paper: The organization structure of your anthropology essay should provide a logical flow of ideas. Your professor may provide you with a structure to use, or alternatively, you will structure your own. All in all, it is paramount that you have a crated structure to express information regarding your topic of research. Evidence: Make sure that your thesis and the topic sentences are arranged accordingly, and comply with the relative structure of a reliable outline. To develop the evidence, you need to come up with the right aspects that support your evidence; quotes, specifics, statistics, data, etc. Reliability of your paper: the paper you craft has to be lucid. There should be no unaddressed parts within your body paragraphs. The topic sentences you structure need to provide a clear point of view, with the arguments made relating to their respective topic sentences. Transitional sentences: just as topic sentences, they are crucial in the structuring of the anthropology paper you are handling. They are used at the end of paragraphs to connect them and enable a logical flow of ideas. Maintain the logic and uniformity: -the tone and style of your paper need to remain the same from the start to the end of your paper. At times, a switch might be required, but you are encouraged to maintain consistency all through your anthropology essay paper Making conclusions: a conclusion might occupy the volume of a single paragraph or a whole section. No matter the length, it should begin with you restating your thesis, a summative text comprising of substantial results related to your research, and wrap up your discussion. However, if the discussion needs more explaining by the time you reach this stage; you are required to highlight the perspective of your further research. Matters of Style Several critical aspects have to be considered as you write your anthropology essay paper. This includes: The voice: -this classification of the voice signifies if the action is done by a person, or an object expressed by a noun or pronoun in the function of the subject, or if it itself experiences another person’s action. Use of an active voice: -This implies that the subject is the one doing the action. For instance, â€Å"Anthropology students increase their knowledge in matters related to the evolution of the society, and the communication styles people use under both social and biological influences.† Even with the use of a reputable grammar checker, you will notice that the use of a passive voice is considered a mistake worth correcting. It is worth mentioning that students are advised against the use of passive voice in this type of paper. Avoid Wordiness: a passive voice may influence a wordy anthropology essay paper. Clichà ©s and unwarranted constructions also influence the wordiness of your essay. Always remember that the quality of your work matters more than the number of words used to construct it. Other features: to ensure you come up with a comprehensible piece of work, utilize parallelism and agreement. The agreement involves making the number and character of all the sentence parts harmonized. Parallelism also involves matching where all parts of a list or sentence employ the same grammatical form. Both of these aspects are fundamental in the writing of an anthropology essay which has a major influence of the final grade you are awarded.

Racial differences (introduction) Personal Statement

Racial differences (introduction) - Personal Statement Example I am a firm believer of the theory that allows for people to remain glued to their own racial and ethnic backgrounds and I am all for their resolute beliefs in them no matter how difficult the circumstances are. This indeed is what I am proud of and it makes me strong and committed day after day. The aspect of my identity that is in line with my work regimes and my academic qualifications are something that I hold on to very firmly. I let the same remain communicated to all and sundry so that my personality develops due to such strong points being on my side. I would rather want people to focus more on my personality traits than choosing to discuss my racial and ethnic priorities because I believe these are insignificant and trivial matters, not providing benefit to anyone at all. Thus I choose not to share such matters with anyone as it creates a sense of animosity between people belonging to different races and ethnicities. The cultural events and occasions have strengthened my perspective upon life and my childhood is full of festivities, cultural exchange, weddings, death anniversaries and so on. I believe all of these points form up as strong basis for my association with my self-identity and this is one characteristic within my personality that I am in love with. My feelings for these occasions and incidents are tied with emotion and a sense of belonging all the same while I have tried my best to remain attached to my roots in the wake of both happiness and grief - a very quintessential feature of my values and the overall upbringing. 4. What or who was influential in shaping your present attitudes towards your own background and toward people from different background' My grandfather was the person who provided meaning to my life. It would not be wrong to suggest that he was and still is my source of motivation that comes from within. He developed in me a sense of finding out the world around me on my own and journeying through the thick and thin of things with a sense of challenge for my own self. He made me a strong person - up for attempting anything in life and this indeed me a tough woman. I cannot think of anything else apart from my rich background and this provides me a cushion to fall back upon in the event I run into problems and distress. I know there are my roots upon which I can place my trust. 5. If your feelings regarding your perceived identity have changed since childhood, who or what has contributed to this change' The only change that I believe has contributed in a small quantity has been in the wake of relationships which in the world of present times have started to diminish unfortunately. Children are getting away from their parents and grandparents and for a woman like me who has been brought up with the patronage of my grandfather; this comes out as a complete surprise for me, living in the time and age of today. However since my personality is molded in a strong way courtesy my family, I know that whatever that is

Techniques for Conducting Company Analysis and Stock Valuation Assignment - 2

Techniques for Conducting Company Analysis and Stock Valuation - Assignment Example Using comparables entails the use of an organization’s earnings in the process of valuing and organizations stock as well as analysis. Earnings also referred to as the net income or net profit, are the remaining amount after a firm settles all of its outstanding bills. In stock valuation and company analysis, there are earnings per share (EPS) which entails the measurement of earnings in coming up with an apples-to-apples comparison. To find the value of earnings per share, the expert analyzing the company divides the divides the dollar amount of the reported earnings of a corporation the currently outstanding number of shares in the enterprise.  Free cash flow techniques are the most common measurement used by experts, among other investment bankers, for valuing stock as well as analyzing public and private companies. This is in contrary to the fact that the majority of individual investors lack the knowledge of cash flow. Cash flow is simply the amount of money flowing thr ough a company during the business trading period or the company’s activities, usually a quarterly or a year, after doing away with fixed expenses. At times cash flows are referred to as earnings realized before interest, taxation, decreasing and accounting of an account as well as depreciation.  Options-based techniques entail the analysis of the company as well as the valuation of its stock as an alternative approach since it takes full consideration of the risks associated with a venture. While considering these risks, they recognize the ability of firms to postpone a venture until a later time or rather engage in a partial investment.

Developing MNEs Global Strategy

Developing MNEs Global Strategy How can leaders in today’s MNE formulate and implement  effective global strategy? Mengdi LIU Introduction Multinational enterprises (MNE) are organizations that provide or control goods or services inside and outside the home country. For example, â€Å"when a company has operations in more than one country or is registered in more than one country, it may be assigned as MNE†[1]. Usually, a multinational enterprise is a great corporation which produces or sells goods and services in various countries. Usually, companies are faced with different types of very important strategic decision, when they engage in international marketing operation. First of all, leaders need to make decisions in principle to submit the corporate to a certain extent of internationalization. More and more companies will realize that if they have a strong global logic requires, they must purse the global marketing for several competitive reasons. Once committed, the enterprise will have to determine where to go, and whether it is specific countries or geographic regions. Global strategy defined in business terms is the plans designed and developed by a corporation or an organization to target its sales’ growth on a worldwide scale. In other words, it is the long-term strategy of multinational entreprises that aims to obtain development and its long-term survival in today’s changing international business environment. Academic research on global strategy appeared in the age of 1980s, the work of Michael Porter and Christopher Bartlett Sumantra Ghoshal are most significant. The forces that are perceived to bring the globalization of competition were convergences in technological change and economic systems, particularly in information technology. All of these factors have facilitated and demanded the coordination of an international firms strategy worldwide. In this article, firstly, I will briefly introduce the goals of MNEs’ global strategy. Then why is global strategy important. Finally, I will apply the knowledge we learned in class to analyze how to formulate and implement an effective global strategy. The goal of MNEs’ global strategy The trend of world economy’s globalization has encouraged many organizations, especially these MNEs with abundant resources, to rethink the way they are competing in this ongoing expanding market. Products, markets, and interdependent financial work are growing at different paces towards a globalized system. The objective of the global strategy is to take the allocation of corporate resources into consideration in the increasingly complex global environment, to improve competitiveness, to enhance their competitive position and to maximize the overall benefits. Multinational enterprise will arrange its facilities in the most favorable countries, and will coordinate and link their activities in different countries. Global strategies help the MNEs to timely transfer achievements in technology development to management innovations, in order to enhance the companys core competitiveness. Why global strategy is important for MNEs From a company perspective, international expansion can provide potential opportunities for new sales and profits. For example, because of low profitability in the Chinese domestic market, TCL the Chinese consumer electronics company, decided on a strategy of going global. Lately, it implemented new offices abroad, new plants and acquisitions to expand its market position in United States and the European Union the two main consumer electronics markets. In addition to new sales opportunities, there are other reasons for expansion outside the home market. For instance, some companies going global in order to take advantage of low labor costs in some countries, which is called efficiency seeking. While sometimes the acquisition of foreign companies can be used to enhance the company’s market position versus competitors, which is called strategic asset seeking. From a customer perspective, international trade should lead to lower prices for services and goods due to the economies of scale and scope, which can derive from a greater global base. In addition, some customers like to own products and services that represent a global image. For example, ‘Manchester United’ branded soccer shirts or Disney cartoon characters. How MNEs formulate and implement the global strategy First of all, multinational enterprises have to figure out what its role is in international arena, what their core competencies are, whether international talents are available, and where the target market is, so that it could avoid the detours in the process of formulating and implementing the global strategy. Enterprises must have a clear strategy plan, and then combine their own characteristics to international environment to choose the right way. As a beginning point, it’s better to some basic international data to analyze different countries. Before entering a new market, it’s necessary to collect adequate data about this market, and then choose the best path based on strategic priorities and their own ability. New York Fries is a good example. â€Å"New York Fries Company was founded in 1983. And now in 2011, there were more than 190 NYF stores in six countries, with sales in excess of $64 million. Fifteen of the NYF stores were owned by the Company, the rest by franchisees. The biggest advantage of NYF is their product. NYF fries were made from real, not reconstituted, potatoes. They were hand-cut and fried in non-hydrogenated, trans fat-free, sunflower oil.†[2] Obviously, China could be a huge market for an American fast food restaurant, but NYF hesitate to expand into mainland China. So the company’s president, Jay Gould, chose Hong Kong to open their franchisees. At the time of the requests, Gould had never been to Hong Kong; his first visit was to select the new Hong Kong partners and scout locations for the franchise. Within five years, the pace of expansion in Hong Kong and Macau was slower than expected. Gould recognized that opening a location in China would probably take a great deal of time and effort from his head office staff. If NYF expand directly into mainland instead of locating in Hong Kong at first, maybe they would experience the failure as they did in South Korea. The next step is then to discover and identify the company’s resources and advantages for international expansion. For example, the company may have unique brand or some special patents that can be made use of in international expansion. A company could set its international and global objectives after this. Some people may feel surprising of this point of view, while they believe a company should begin by setting out what it really needs to achieve internationally. Why we leave the objective-setting until now? The reason is that our objectives need to be set in the realistic environment of what resources the company has for its international expansion and what opportunities exist in the market place. A simple example: in the year of 2009, the time of US economy recession, the US car market was under heavy pressure, so there would be little point for a car company in setting a target for major expansion. Equally, a small computer services company may not have enough resources for a global product launch. It is better to set its objectives more realistically. How to build an international talents team is a big problem. In a survey conducted by McKinsey, the three-quarters of respondents believe that the talent shortage is the biggest obstacle to its global expansion plans. To respond to this problem, at first, MNEs should make the enterprise localization, and develop a clear strategy to attract international talent with the multiple resources. And leaders should have an awareness of the cross-cultural issue and enhance communication with international talents. Huawei, for instance, has more than 10,000 overseas employees, and is still in a rapid growth. Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd, is a Chinese telecommunications equipment and multinational networking and services company, whose headquarter is located in Shenzhen, Guangdong. Huawei is the largest telecommunications equipment maker all over the world. It has overtaken Ericsson in 2012. Huawei uses a localized business strategy on a global scale. In order to be more closely adapted to the customer’s needs, listening to customer’s needs and respond quickly; Huawei has established 20 regional overseas departments, more than 100 branches. Huawei set up 12 RD centers in the US, India, Sweden, Russia and other places. Each R D centers not only focus on different research direction, but also gathers the advanced technologies, experience and talent to carry out product research. So when Huaweis products enter into the market, its technology is up to date. Huawei also set up 28 overse as regional training centers for local technical personnel. Another example is Trend Micro Inc., a global security software company, was founded in 1988 in Los Angeles. Headquarters were moved to Taipei by its founders, shortly after establishing the company, Now Trend Micro is already the worlds leading anti-virus software company, with 30 branch offices all over the world. It adopts a multi-mode operation headquarters financial centers in Japan, marketing centers in the US, R D camp in Taiwan, global customer service centers in the Philippines and the administrative center in Ireland. It has an excellent international management team. The core management team is made up of only 13 people, from China, Japan, India, the United States, Germany, and Argentina. There exist simultaneously diversity and a strong cohesion in its corporate culture. All branches around the world share the same corporate culture and values. There is another important aspect we shouldn’t ignore innovation and learning. In the era of globalization, enterprise innovation cycles are getting shorter. Essentially, globalization is a new form of competing. The one who consistently stand at the forefront of innovators in this game is the ultimate winner. So in my opinion, MNEs ought to build an environment which is conducive to innovation, knowledge creation and sharing. For example, by changing the design of office space, make the office a place for the staff to exchange information and knowledge, a place where different ideas stir. Meanwhile, let employees and customers become an important source of product ideas. A typical case is 3M Company. The 3M Company is an American multinational conglomerate corporation, being known as the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company at the first stage. 3M headquarters are in the St. Paul suburb of Maplewood, Minnesota. This company is known for providing innovative environment. It regards the innovation as a way of business growth and the products as its enterprise life. 3M Company develop more than 200 kinds of new products a year. The goal is to obtain 30% of annual sales from the new products which were developed in the past four years. One of the secrets of 3M innovation management is to create an enabling innovative internal environment. For example, â€Å"technical forums provided opportunities to share technology, best practices and procedures; the European Management Action Team (EMATs) Forum regularly brought together relevant personnel from the United States and European subsidiaries to share information and make decisions. Lecture and proble m-solving discussions were also held during the forum. These meetings enabled subsidiaries to present their thoughts and facilitated cooperation and accelerated pace in markets in which there were significant growth opportunities.†[3] The company allows all employees put up to 15% of the time on their professional interest, and failures are accepted. Its slogan is: you only kissed a lot of frogs before they can find a prince. In the era of globalization, cooperating with competitors is an important strategy of multinational companies. A delicate relationship that competitions and cooperation are often maintained between enterprises. Business leaders need to think about not only competition and profitability, but also how to embrace a more open business environment. For example, the consumer product giant PG has launched a program called Connect Developed, spending nearly $ 2 billion to look for its scientists, so that the company can get new technologies from outside suppliers. If RD can be solved through collaboration and outsourcing, what areas cannot? Another example, Japanese multinational enterprise Sony formed several strategic alliances with smaller firms who have complementary competences, which would help it to penetrate new markets. So leaders should increase the openness of the enterprise, in order to attract more dynamic ideas and human resource outside the enterprise. Using strategic cooperative manner to deal with the non-core business allows enterprises to quickly grasp the opportunities during the process of globalization. Haier Group is a Chinese multinational home appliances and consumer electronics company, whose headquarter is located in Qingdao, China. It designs, develops, produces and sells home appliance, such as air conditioners, mobile phones, refrigerators, computers, washing machines, and televisions. In 2002, Haier cooperated with the largest appliance manufacturer in Taiwan Taiwans Sampo Group. Their cooperation covers selling each other’s home appliances, and expanding parts procurement and technology sharing. Alliance with Sampo paves the way for Haier to enter the Taiwan market. This strategy, based on trust between partners, requires leaders of MNEs to focus on the long-term benefits, rather than short-term gains. Conclusion In this paper, we discuss how can leaders in today’s MNE formulate and implement effective global strategy. Before entering a new market, it’s necessary to collect adequate data about this market, so that leaders can choose the best path for their companies. The next step is to identify the company’s resources and advantages for international expansion. During this process, an essential element is the use of talents. In addition, both innovation and cooperation are often used by leaders in today’s MNEs. Today’s MNEs use a great diversity of global strategies. In order to acquire the competitive position on today’s global market over a long term, companies have to continually adapt to market conditions, to identify the resources and advantages, and then thus use them efficiently. Therefore they have to come up with the best strategy and redirect it depending on the economic backdrop at the time. A successful strategy is based on the way it makes a difference, on the added value it brings, on the attractiveness of the industry and on the market maturity stage, so that it helps the enterprise achieve a competitive and profitable position. Reference [1] Chya-Yi Liaw, 3M Taiwan: product innovation in the subsidiary. (2012) [2] Ruth Mortimer, â€Å"Customer Innovation: Inspirational Customers,† Brand Strategy, London, July 12, 2005, p.24. [3] Palich, L. E., Gomez-Mejia, L. R. (1999). A theory of global strategy and firm efficiencies: Considering the effects of cultural diversity. Journal of management, 25(4), 587-606. [4] Sharda Prashad, Developing an international growth strategy at New York Fries. (2011 ) [5] Corina Dumitrescu, Francesco Scalera. Strategies of Multinational Enterprises. International Journal of Business and Commerce, Mar 2012(12-26) [6] Sassen, S. (1998). Globalization and its discontents. New York: New Press. [7] How do you build a global strategy? http://www.global-strategy.net/how-do-you-build-a-global-strategy/ [8] Wikipedia 3M http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3M [9] History of the Cellular (Cell/Mobile) Phone Companies Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. http://www.historyofthecellphone.com/companies/huawei-technologies.php [10] Wikipedia Trend Micro http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trend_Micro_Incorporated [12] Wikipedia Haier http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haier [13] Wikipedia Multination Corporation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation [14] Wikipedia Global Strategy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_strategy [15] What is global strategy? And why is it important? http://www.global-strategy.net/what-is-global-strategy/ [16] Beck, U. (2000). What is globalization?. [17] à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¦Ã… ¾Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃ‚ ·Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã…’-à ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‹Å"à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã…’-. à ¥Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã… ¾-à §Ã…“ Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃ… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ©Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ §Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ §Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¦Ã…  Ã‚ ¥. April,2002, p.66-68 [18] à ©Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ Ã… ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ §Ã‚ Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¥Ã…’-à ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‹Å"à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¥. à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã… ¸Online. http://cn.ckgsb.com/Article/Detail.aspx?ColumnId=404ArticleId=5853 1 [1] From Wikipedia Multinational Corporation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation [2] Sharda Prashad, Developing an international growth strategy at New York Fries. (2011 ) [3] Chya-Yi Liaw, 3M Taiwan: product innovation in the subsidiary. (2012)

George Orwell’s Politics and the English Language vs. Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal: Essay

George Orwell’s â€Å"Politics and the English Language† and Jonathan Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal† are essays from two different times; the former written in 1946, and the latter in the 18th century. Both essays aim to spark people’s attention and address important national issues of their countries. â€Å"Politics and the English Language† basically presents Orwell’s opinion about the then-current state of the English Language—that it was decaying, just like what was happening to civilization at that time. He attributed the decay of the English Language to politics and economics, arguing that it is not just the fault of the writer that his words lack precision and has stale imagery, but it is rooted from political and economic causes, saying â€Å"†¦an effect can become a cause, reinforcing the original cause and producing the same effect in an intensified form.† On the other hand, â€Å"A Modest Proposal For Preventing The Children of Poor People in Ireland From Being Aburden to Their Parents or Country, and For Making Them Beneficial to The Public† presents Swift’s satirical critique of the English and Irish government, wherein he sarcastically suggested that in order for the Irish government to solve the national issues of poverty and overpopulation, they must sell the children of the poor, specifically one-year old babies, as food for the wealthy Irish and English people. He presented staggering calculations and economic strategies on how to achieve necessary solutions to end their national problems. He argued that the use of poor children as food for the wealthy will reduce the country’s population and improve the condition and living state of the poor Irish people because of the increased income they will get from selling their children. The points in which these two essays try to impose on their readers are much influenced by what was going on in their respective countries at the time the famous literary pieces were written. In Swift’s time, which was the early 18th century, several astounding issues were present in Ireland that struck Swift and led him to write his famous essay. One of these is the oppressive treatment of the Catholic peasants of Ireland by the English, which resulted in the peasants of Ireland to be experience extreme poverty. Swift published his essay as a pamphlet. On the other hand, Orwell’s essay was written in 1946, a time when Britain was in a hazy after-war state. Therefore political speeches were prevalent at that time; writers and speakers, as observed by Orwell, lack precision in their words and has a stale imagery in their messages. The way the two authors attacked their respective adversaries (in Swift’s case, the Irish government, and in Orwell’s, political writers and all writers in English in general) are completely different in a variety of ways. There is significant amount of   diversity of their style of writing even though they have the same goal in general, which is, in a shallow point of view, to spark, take hold—grope people’s attention through their essays to get them to read intently what the message of their essays bring. In terms of the persona of the essay, Orwell attacked writers as a linguist, analyzing what was faulty behind the use of language of writers in his time. The essay even has a persona of an English language instructor, as Orwell pointed out rules that he proposed everyone must use when writing: â€Å"(i) Never use a metaphor, simile, or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print.   (ii) Never us a long word where a short one will do.(iii) If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out. (iv) Never use the passive where you can use the active. (v) Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word, or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent. (vi) Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous.† Meanwhile, Swift attacked the Irish government in the persona of an economist, calculating how much percentage of the population will be decreased in case his proposal is applied, and other economic statistics in his time. A part of his essay presents then-current statistics of the kingdom of Ireland: â€Å"†¦ The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one million and a half, of these I calculate there may be about two hundred thousand couple whose wives are breeders; from which number I subtract thirty thousand couples who are able to maintain their own children, although I apprehend there cannot be so many, under the present distresses of the kingdom; but this being granted, there will remain an hundred and seventy thousand breeders. I again subtract fifty thousand for those women who miscarry, or whose children die by accident or disease within the year. There only remains one hundred and twenty thousand children of poor parents annually born†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The essays also differed in the type of language their authors used. Orwell’s â€Å"Politics and the English Language† used literal language. He said his points straight and direct, with no figurative speech whatsoever. Neither did he used euphemisms in criticizing the words and sentences and essays of the writers who, according to him, are faulty in their use of the English language: â€Å"These five passages have not been picked out because they are especially bad — I could have quoted far worse if I had chosen — but because they illustrate various of the mental vices from which we now suffer. They are a little below the average, but are fairly representative examples. I number them so that i can refer back to them when necessary: 1. I am not, indeed, sure whether it is not true to say that the Milton who once seemed not unlike a seventeenth-century Shelley had not become, out of an experience ever more bitter in each year, more alien [sic] to the founder of that Jesuit sect which nothing could induce him to tolerate. Professor Harold Laski (Essay in Freedom of Expression)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  On the other hand, the language of Swift’s essay, â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, is entirely figurative. The essay is classified as a political satire, incorporated with much sarcasm and irony. His irrational argument, which is to use the babies of poor families in Ireland as food for the wealthy English and Irish people, intensified by exaggeration, is actually a metaphor to attack the policies of the Irish government at that time. â€Å"†¦and therefore whoever could find out a fair, cheap, and easy method of making these children sound, useful members of the commonwealth would deserve so well of the public as to have his statue set up for a preserver of the nation†¦ †¦a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee or a ragout.†